In medicine, coronary catheterization, or coronary angiography, is an examination of the heart and blood vessels. A catheter is a thin, flexible tube that is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin, arm, or neck and threaded into the heart. Various heart conditions can be diagnosed and treated using cardiac catheterization, including coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, and congenital heart defects.
In order to ensure an empty stomach before undergoing cardiac catheterization, patients must fast for several hours. According to their healthcare provider, certain medications, including aspirin or anticoagulants, may need to be discontinued. In addition to reviewing the patient's medical history, the healthcare team will perform a physical examination and explain the procedure in detail, including its risks and benefits. During the procedure, patients may receive sedation or anesthesia to help them relax and minimize discomfort.
The healthcare provider numbs the patient's insertion site with a local anesthetic while the patient lies on an examination table. A small incision is made in the skin, and a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin area, and carefully guided to the heart under fluoroscopic guidance, which provides real-time X-ray images. On a monitor, contrast dye is injected into the blood vessels and heart chambers to visualize them. The healthcare provider evaluates the blood flow and assesses for any blockages or abnormalities. To improve blood flow to the heart, cardiac catheterization may be used for therapeutic procedures such as balloon angioplasty or stent placement.
After cardiac catheterization, patients are usually monitored in a recovery room for a few hours to ensure their vital signs are stable and any potential complications are addressed. In order to prevent bleeding and promote healing, patients are advised to stay hydrated and avoid strenuous activities for a short period of time. Patients can usually return to normal activities within a day of the procedure.
As with any medical procedure, cardiac catheterization has certain risks and potential complications, but it is generally considered safe. Bleeding or bruising at the insertion site, infection, allergies to contrast dye or medications, blood vessel damage, irregular heart rhythms, or heart attacks are some of the possible complications. Complications are typically low and outweighed by the procedure's potential benefits. Before undergoing cardiac catheterization, patients should discuss any concerns or questions they have with their healthcare provider.
As a result of cardiac catheterization, patients may be given specific instructions regarding medication use, dietary restrictions, and follow-up appointments by their healthcare provider. In order to ensure optimal recovery and minimize complications, patients must closely follow these instructions. After the procedure, patients who experience persistent symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, excessive bleeding, or signs of infection should contact their healthcare provider.
To evaluate and treat a variety of heart conditions, cardiac catheterization is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool. By providing detailed information about the heart and blood vessels, healthcare providers can improve patient outcomes and make informed decisions about treatment options.
