It is a neurological disorder caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1). Alcohol abuse is one of the leading causes of this deficiency, as it leads to poor nutrition and impaired thiamine absorption. Other causes may include malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, bariatric surgery, or conditions that interfere with thiamine absorption or utilization.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may cause the following symptoms:
Confusion
Loss of memory
Ataxia (difficulty walking or maintaining balance)
Nystagmus (abnormal eye movement)
Changes in vision, such as double vision or drooping eyelids (ptosis)
Delusions or hallucinations
Ataxia is a loss of muscle coordination
Changes in personality or apathy
Death or coma in severe cases
A Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome diagnosis usually involves:
Review of medical history, focusing on alcohol use and nutritional status
Examination of neurological function and signs of thiamine deficiency
Tests to measure thiamine levels and assess liver function
An MRI or CT scan of the brain can detect structural abnormalities or signs of brain damage
Assessment of cognitive function, memory, and other neurological deficits by neuropsychological testing
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is treated as follows:
To prevent further neurological damage, high-dose thiamine injections or oral supplements are administered to correct thiamine deficiency.
In addition to thiamine, individuals may need supplements of other vitamins and nutrients to address underlying malnutrition.
A cessation of alcohol consumption is essential if alcohol abuse is the underlying cause.
Occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy may be recommended to help individuals regain lost function and improve their quality of life.
Symptom management and relapse prevention may require long-term medical monitoring, nutritional counseling, and support services.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome can be prevented by:
Alcohol consumption should be limited and alcohol dependence should be addressed to reduce the risk of developing thiamine deficiency and associated neurological complications.
Eating a varied and nutritious diet with sources of thiamine, such as whole grains, lean meats, nuts, and legumes, can help prevent thiamine deficiency.
To prevent complications and improve outcomes, individuals with symptoms of alcohol dependence, malnutrition, or neurological dysfunction should seek medical attention promptly.
