In vocal cord dysfunction (VCD), also known as paradoxical vocal fold movement (PVFM), the vocal cords move abnormally during breathing, causing symptoms like wheezing, throat tightness, and difficulty breathing. This is a straightforward breakdown of its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Emotional stress, anxiety, or panic attacks can trigger episodes of vocal cord dysfunction, leading to involuntary closure of the vocal cords during breathing.
Environmental factors, such as smoke, pollution, strong odors, or airborne allergens, can irritate the airways and trigger VCD.
Acid reflux from the stomach can irritate the throat and vocal cords, causing symptoms similar to asthma.
VCD triggered by exercise may mimic symptoms of exercise-induced asthma in some individuals.
VCD can be caused by neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or brainstem lesions that disrupt normal control of the vocal cords.
Breathing difficulties: Tightness or constriction in the throat, difficulty inhaling or exhaling, or feeling short of breath.
A high-pitched whistling sound that occurs during breathing, similar to asthma. Wheezing occurs more during inhalation than during exhalation in VCD.
Tightness in the throat, sensation of choking or suffocation, or feeling of a lump in the throat.
Voice quality changes, such as hoarseness or voice breaks, may occur during episodes of VCD.
In the absence of respiratory infections or other underlying lung conditions, coughing is considered chronic or recurrent.
Symptoms of VCD may be exacerbated by feelings of anxiety, panic, or stress.
Medical history review, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are typically used to diagnose vocal cord dysfunction:
A healthcare provider will ask about symptoms, triggers, frequency of episodes, and any underlying medical conditions.
The physical examination may reveal signs of respiratory distress, abnormal breathing patterns, or changes in voice quality indicative of VCD.
During laryngoscopy, a flexible or rigid endoscope is used to view the vocal cords to detect abnormalities.
Spirometry and peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements are pulmonary function tests that are performed to assess lung function and rule out asthma and other respiratory conditions.
Exercise challenge tests or exposure to suspected triggers can be used to reproduce symptoms and confirm a diagnosis of VCD.
Vocal cord dysfunction is treated by managing symptoms, reducing triggers, and addressing underlying factors:
Techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing, pursed lip breathing, or inspiratory muscle training can help control symptoms and improve breathing efficiency during VCD episodes.
Vocal cord exercises or speech therapy can help retrain the vocal cords and improve coordination of breathing and voice production.
Using relaxation exercises, mindfulness meditation, or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help reduce anxiety and minimize triggers for VCD.
VCD episodes can be prevented by avoiding triggers such as smoke, pollution, strong odors, or allergens.
To manage symptoms or treat underlying conditions contributing to VCD, medications such as inhaled bronchodilators, corticosteroids, or antireflux medications may be prescribed.
Reduce symptoms of VCD by minimizing exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or chemical fumes.
In order to prevent VCD episodes, it is important to identify and avoid triggers such as stress, anxiety, allergens, pollutants, or strong odors.
Practicing relaxation exercises, meditation, or yoga can help reduce anxiety and minimize VCD triggers.
The use of speech therapy or vocal cord exercises can improve the function of the vocal cords and reduce the frequency and severity of VCD episodes.
VCD triggers can be minimized by improving indoor air quality, such as using air purifiers or avoiding indoor pollutants.
Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, and stress management can help support overall respiratory health and reduce the risk of VCD.
