As a result of viral infection, viral meningitis causes inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, causing meningitis. Despite its less severe effects than bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis can still cause significant discomfort and complications. Here are its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods.
The most common cause of viral meningitis is enteroviruses, particularly echoviruses and coxsackieviruses.
Some herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), can cause viral meningitis, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
In outbreaks of viral meningitis, arthropod-borne viruses, such as West Nile virus, can occasionally cause viral meningitis.
Viral meningitis can also be caused by other viruses, such as the mumps virus, measles virus, influenza virus, and adenovirus.
A mild to severe headache is a common symptom of viral meningitis.
The most common flu-like symptom is fever, along with body aches, fatigue, and malaise.
Inflammation of the meninges may cause neck stiffness and discomfort, especially when touching the chin to the chest.
Symptoms of meningitis include photophobia, or sensitivity to light, which may worsen with exposure to bright light.
In some cases, nausea and vomiting may be severe in individuals with viral meningitis.
It is possible to experience confusion, irritability, lethargy, or other changes in mental status, especially in severe cases.
Viral meningitis is usually diagnosed through a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and diagnostic tests:
Gathering information about symptoms, recent illnesses, travel history, and potential exposure to viruses.
A thorough neurological examination is performed to determine whether there are any signs of meningitis, such as neck stiffness, altered mental status, and neurological deficits.
A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) collects cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis, including cell count, glucose, protein, and microbiological testing (such as viral culture or polymerase chain reaction).
A computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain may be performed to assess for signs of inflammation or complications such as hydrocephalus.
An immune system dysfunction, systemic infection, or inflammation can be detected through blood tests.
Viral meningitis is generally treated with supportive care, focusing on relieving symptoms, preventing complications, and promoting recovery:
Rest and fluids are essential to maintaining the body's immune response and preventing dehydration.
Headaches, fevers, and body aches can be alleviated by over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
To manage gastrointestinal symptoms, anti-nausea medications may be prescribed.
In cases of severe or complicated viral meningitis caused by viruses such as herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus, antiviral medications are prescribed to reduce viral replication and inflammation.
Young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems may need hospitalization for close monitoring, intravenous fluids, and supportive care in severe cases of viral meningitis.
Meningitis can be prevented by practicing good hand hygiene, including frequent handwashing with soap and water.
The risk of viral transmission can be reduced by avoiding close contact with people who are sick with respiratory infections or other viral illnesses.
Meningitis can be prevented by vaccination against viruses such as measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and influenza.
Using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito activity can reduce the risk of arbovirus infections.
Supporting immune function and reducing viral infections can be achieved through a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, and stress management.
