Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles, is a condition in which one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth. Here's what you should know about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Several factors may contribute to undescended testicles, including:
Cryptorchidism results from improper development or incorrect positioning of the testicles during fetal development.
A hormonal imbalance or disruption in the production of hormones necessary for testicular descent may contribute to the condition.
As a result of incomplete development of the reproductive organs before birth, premature infants are at a higher risk of undescended testicles.
Cryptorchidism may be associated with certain genetic syndromes or abnormalities.
Undescended testicles may present with the following symptoms:
One or both testicles may not be palpable or visible in the scrotum, particularly during routine physical examinations.
Scrotum with an empty appearance: The affected side of the scrotum may appear smaller or less developed than the unaffected side.
Untreated undescended testicles may be associated with decreased fertility or infertility.
An undescended testicle can be diagnosed by:
To assess the presence and location of the testicles, a healthcare provider will perform a thorough physical examination, including palpation of the groin and scrotum.
The undescended testicle can be visualized and its size and structure assessed using imaging studies such as ultrasound.
If hormonal abnormalities are suspected to contribute to cryptorchidism, blood tests may be conducted to determine hormone levels.
In cases of suspected genetic syndromes or abnormalities associated with undescended testicles, genetic testing may be recommended.
There are several treatment options available for undescended testicles, including:
The undescended testicle may spontaneously descend into the scrotum during the first few months of life. Close observation and monitoring are recommended.
To stimulate testicular descent, hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) may be prescribed.
Orchiopexy, which is usually performed between 6 months and 1 year of age, can be recommended for repositioning and securing the undescended testicle in the scrotum.
In cases where the undescended testicle is absent or underdeveloped, a testicular prosthesis may be implanted during orchiopexy to improve the scrotum's cosmetic appearance.
Undescended testicles can be prevented by:
Early detection of cryptorchidism can be achieved through adequate prenatal care, including regular prenatal checkups and screening tests.
The risk of undescended testicles may be reduced by avoiding known risk factors, such as maternal smoking during pregnancy or exposure to certain medications or toxins.
The early diagnosis and treatment of undescended testicle can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
