Trachoma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Medically reviewed by Harsha Moole, MD, Internal Medicine. Last reviewed: October 23, 2026.
What kind of doctor treats Trachoma?
An ophthalmologist, an eye doctor, usually treats trachoma, an eye infection caused by bacteria. An eye surgeon may be needed if the eyelids become scarred. A direct primary care or concierge doctor can be a first stop for an evaluation and can refer you to a specialist when needed.
What is trachoma?
Trachoma is an infection of the eye caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The condition is rare in the United States. It is most often seen in rural areas of developing countries. Children are often affected. The scarring from the infection may not be noticed until later in life.
Symptoms
Symptoms begin 5 to 12 days after contact with the bacteria. The condition begins slowly. At first it looks like conjunctivitis, or "pink eye," which is inflammation of the tissue lining the eyelids. Untreated, this may lead to scarring. Symptoms may include:
- A cloudy cornea, the clear front of the eye.
- Discharge from the eye.
- Swelling of lymph nodes just in front of the ears.
- Swollen eyelids.
- Turned-in eyelashes.
After years of repeated infection, the inside of the eyelid can become scarred and turn inward. The eyelashes then rub against the eyeball and cause constant pain and trouble with light. Left untreated, this can leave scars on the cornea that cause vision loss or blindness.
Causes and who gets it
Trachoma is caused by infection with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. The bacteria spread through direct contact with infected eye, nose, or throat fluids. They can also pass on contaminated objects, such as towels or clothes. Certain flies can also spread the bacteria.
Young children carry most of the infection. The family is the main place where it spreads. Trachoma is more likely in crowded or unclean living conditions. Spread is also linked to poor hygiene and too little access to water and sanitation. Women are blinded by trachoma up to 4 times as often as men.
How doctors diagnose it
A doctor does an eye exam. The doctor looks for scarring inside the upper eyelid, redness of the white part of the eyes, and new blood vessel growth into the cornea. Lab tests are needed to find the bacteria and make an accurate diagnosis.
Treatment
Antibiotics can prevent long-term problems if they are used early in the infection. Some people need eyelid surgery to prevent long-term scarring, which can lead to blindness if it is not corrected. Outcomes are very good if treatment starts early, before scarring and eyelid changes develop. Blindness from trachoma is difficult to reverse.
In places where trachoma is common, the World Health Organization uses a plan called SAFE. It stands for surgery for the blinding stage, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement. The antibiotic azithromycin is given to whole communities to clear the infection.
When to see a doctor
Contact your provider if you or your child recently visited an area where trachoma is common and you notice symptoms of conjunctivitis. Get care early if your eyelashes turn in and rub your eye. This can cause corneal ulcers (sores on the cornea), more scars, and vision loss.
How a direct primary care or concierge doctor fits in
A direct primary care doctor charges a flat monthly fee instead of billing insurance, while a concierge doctor usually charges more and often works alongside insurance. Either type of doctor can ask about recent travel to places where trachoma is common and can examine your eyes. They can also refer you to an eye doctor when needed.
Common questions
Is trachoma contagious?
Yes, trachoma spreads from person to person. It passes through direct contact with infected eye, nose, or throat fluids. Contaminated objects such as towels or clothes and certain flies can also spread it.
Can trachoma cause blindness?
Yes, trachoma can cause blindness. Repeated infection can scar the eyelid and turn the eyelashes inward. The eyelashes then rub the cornea, which can cause scars, vision loss, and blindness. Blindness from trachoma is difficult to reverse.
Is trachoma common in the United States?
No, trachoma is rare in the United States. It is most often seen in rural areas of developing countries.
How can trachoma be prevented?
You can limit the spread of trachoma by washing your hands and face often, keeping clothes clean, and not sharing items such as towels. In places where trachoma is common, better access to water and sanitation also helps.
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Medical Disclaimer
This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and reading it does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions about a medical condition, and never disregard or delay seeking professional advice because of something you read here. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately.
