The purpose of this article is to provide a straightforward overview of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tenesmus.
Several factors can cause tenesmus, including:
Tenesmus is caused by inflammation, obstruction, or irritation of the rectum and colon in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), hemorrhoids, and colorectal cancer.
Bacterial or viral gastroenteritis, parasitic infections, or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may cause inflammation or irritation of the rectum and contribute to tenesmus.
Dysfunctions of the pelvic floor muscles or nerves, such as pelvic floor dyssynergia or rectal prolapse, can disrupt normal bowel function and lead to tenesmus.
Tenesmus can result from neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury, or nerve damage caused by surgery.
Symptoms of tenesmus may be exacerbated by stress, anxiety, or psychosocial factors.
Tenesmus typically causes the following symptoms:
The feeling of pressure or discomfort in the rectum that is accompanied by a strong and sudden urge to have a bowel movement.
Excessive straining or effort is required to pass stool, despite feeling empty or incomplete.
Discomfort in the rectum or lower abdomen caused by pain, cramping, or aching.
Inflammatory or infectious conditions often result in mucus discharge during bowel movements.
In an attempt to relieve tenesmus, frequent bowel movements are often accompanied by small or scanty stools.
Tenesmus is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, and diagnostic tests. Diagnostic procedures may include:
A healthcare provider will ask about symptoms, bowel habits, diet, and any underlying conditions that may contribute to tenesmus.
Examination of the abdomen, rectum, and pelvic floor muscles for signs of inflammation, obstruction, or dysfunction.
To evaluate for signs of infection, inflammation, or other underlying conditions, stool tests, blood tests, or other laboratory investigations may be ordered.
A colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, barium enema, or computed tomography (CT) scan can be used to examine the gastrointestinal tract and detect structural abnormalities.
In anorectal manometry, the rectum and the anal sphincter muscles are measured to determine if there is a pelvic floor disorder or dysmotility contributing to tenesmus.
There are several treatment options for tenesmus, which aim to alleviate symptoms, address underlying causes, and improve bowel function. These include:
To relieve inflammation, reduce muscle spasms, or treat infections causing tenesmus, medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics, laxatives, or antibiotics may be prescribed.
Managing tenesmus symptoms and promoting bowel regularity can be achieved by avoiding trigger foods such as spicy foods, caffeine, alcohol, or high-fiber foods that may exacerbate symptoms.
In cases of pelvic floor dysfunction contributing to tenesmus, physical therapy techniques, biofeedback, or pelvic floor exercises can improve muscle coordination, relaxation, and function.
A surgical procedure such as hemorrhoidectomy, colorectal surgery, or pelvic floor repair may be considered to relieve tenesmus and restore normal bowel function in cases of structural abnormalities, obstructions, or refractory symptoms.
Tenesmus symptoms can be managed through relaxation techniques, stress management, or behavioral therapy.
Individuals can take steps to reduce the risk of symptoms and manage underlying conditions effectively, such as:
Healthy lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, staying hydrated, exercising regularly, and managing stress can help support digestive health and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal disorders contributing to tenesmus.
Medical attention should be sought as soon as possible if you have gastrointestinal symptoms, especially if they are accompanied by tenesmus.
Tenesmus symptoms can be managed and prevented from recurring by following prescribed medication regimens, dietary recommendations, and lifestyle modifications.
Monitoring symptoms, bowel habits, and overall health and attending regular medical appointments can help detect any changes or complications associated with tenesmus or underlying conditions.
