It is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and systems within the body. Lupus is also known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are many symptoms and complications associated with it, including inflammation and the production of autoantibodies that target healthy tissues. In order to effectively manage lupus, it is essential to understand its causes, recognize its symptoms, and seek appropriate evaluation and management.
Systemic lupus erythematosus is not fully understood, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors.
Individuals with a family history of lupus or other autoimmune diseases may have an increased risk of developing the disease.
Lupus symptoms may be aggravated or triggered by hormonal changes, such as those that occur during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause.
Certain environmental factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) light, infections, medications, or stress, may trigger lupus flares or exacerbating symptoms.
Different organs and systems in the body may be affected by systemic lupus erythematosus symptoms. Common symptoms include:
Malaise and fatigue
Pain and swelling in the joints (arthritis)
A rash that looks like a butterfly across the cheeks and nose (malar rash)
Sunlight sensitivity (photosensitivity)
Unexplained weight loss and fever
Cold or stress-induced changes in skin color and temperature (Raynaud's phenomenon)
Involvement of the kidneys, leading to proteinuria or kidney damage (lupus nephritis)
Myocarditis or pericarditis are cardiovascular complications
Insomnia, headaches, seizures, or cognitive impairment are some of the neurological symptoms
There may be flare-ups and remissions between episodes of symptoms.
Because of the variability of symptoms and the overlap with other autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus can be challenging.
A healthcare provider will review the individual's medical history, including symptoms, family history, and potential triggers or risk factors.
A thorough physical examination can be conducted to assess for signs of inflammation, such as joint swelling, rash, or organ involvement.
Tests can be conducted to detect autoantibodies associated with lupus, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, and anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibodies.
X-rays, ultrasounds, or computed tomography (CT) scans can be used to assess organ involvement and detect complications such as kidney damage or cardiovascular disease.
The goal of systemic lupus erythematosus treatment is to manage symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and minimize organ damage. Common treatment options include:
To reduce inflammation, suppress the immune response, and alleviate symptoms, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs, immunosuppressants, or biologic agents may be prescribed.
Modifications to lifestyle: Adopting a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise, balanced nutrition, stress management, and sun protection can help minimize lupus symptoms.
Regular medical monitoring and follow-up are essential for assessing disease activity, monitoring organ function, and adjusting treatment as necessary.
The cause of systemic lupus erythematosus is unknown, so there are no specific ways to prevent it. However, certain strategies may help minimize flare-ups and complications in individuals with lupus, such as:
Knowing and avoiding triggers: Avoid exposure to sunlight, infections, or certain medications that may exacerbate lupus symptoms.
A healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, and stress management, can help support immune function and minimize the effects of lupus on the body.
Maintaining regular medical appointments, adhering to prescribed medications, and communicating openly with healthcare providers can help optimize management of lupus.
