An individual with syringomyelia develops a fluid-filled cyst or cavity within the spinal cord as a result of this rare neurological disorder. As a result of this condition, a range of sensory and motor functions can be affected, including pain, weakness, and loss of sensation. The best way to manage syringomyelia is to understand its causes, recognize its symptoms, and seek appropriate treatment.
A common cause of syringomyelia is a structural abnormality or condition that interferes with the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the spinal cord.
The Chiari malformation is characterized by the downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum, obstructing CSF flow.
Injury to the spinal cord can disrupt CSF flow and cause a syrinx to form.
Syringomyelia is caused by intramedullary tumors, such as ependymomas and astrocytomas.
Infections of the meninges, such as bacterial or viral meningitis, can cause inflammation and scarring, which block CSF flow and cause syrinx formation.
Syringomyelia may be predisposed by congenital anomalies, such as spinal dysraphism or tethered spinal cord syndrome.
The symptoms of syringomyelia vary depending on the location and size of the syrinx within the spinal cord.
Neck, shoulder, arm, or back pain
Hands or arms are weak due to muscle weakness
Disturbances of the senses, such as numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation
Atrophy or wasting of muscles
A lack of coordination or difficulty walking
Dysfunction of the bladder or bowel
As the syrinx expands and compresses surrounding spinal cord tissue, symptoms may worsen.
An accurate diagnosis of syringomyelia usually involves a combination of a medical history, a physical examination, and diagnostic tests. These components may include:
An individual's medical history, including any previous spinal cord injuries, surgeries, or neurological dysfunction, will be reviewed by healthcare providers.
A thorough neurological examination will be performed to determine whether there are any signs of muscle weakness, sensory deficits, or other neurological conditions.
MRI is the most sensitive imaging modality for visualizing syringomyelia and assessing the size, location, and extent of the syrinx within the spinal cord.
A nerve conduction study or electromyography (EMG) is a test used to assess nerve function and muscle weakness.
Syringomyelia is treated to alleviate symptoms, prevent progression, and address the underlying cause. Common treatment options may include:
To restore CSF flow, relieve pressure on the spinal cord, and prevent further neurological damage, surgical decompression of the spinal cord and syrinx may be recommended.
It may be necessary to place a shunt, such as a ventriculoperitoneal shunt or syringopleural shunt, to divert excess CSF from the syrinx.
The symptoms of syringomyelia may be managed with pain medications, muscle relaxants, or anticonvulsants.
Syringomyelia is often associated with congenital or acquired conditions disrupting CSF flow within the spinal cord, so prevention strategies may focus on minimizing these risks.
Safety precautions: Wear seat belts in vehicles, use proper safety equipment during sports or recreational activities, and avoid activities that may result in spinal cord injuries.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as Chiari malformation or spinal cord tumors can prevent syringomyelia from developing or progressing.
Those with known risk factors for syringomyelia, such as Chiari malformation or spinal cord injury, may benefit from regular medical follow-up and monitoring to detect and address potential complications early.
