A synovial sarcoma usually arises near joints in the arms or legs, but it can also occur in other parts of the body. It is not synovial tissue that causes synovial sarcoma, but rather the connective tissue surrounding joints, tendons, and bursae that causes it. For synovial sarcoma to be effectively managed, it is essential to understand its causes, recognize its symptoms, and seek appropriate treatment and evaluation.
There is no known cause for synovial sarcoma, but genetic mutations in connective tissue cells are thought to contribute to its development. The specific risk factors for synovial sarcoma have not been identified, but genetic and environmental factors may influence its development. While synovial sarcoma can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in young adults.
Synovial sarcoma symptoms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:
A lump or swelling near a joint or in the soft tissues of the arms or legs
Movement or pressure can cause pain or tenderness in the affected area
Joints with limited range of motion
Muscles or nerves nearby are numb or weak
As the tumor grows and compresses surrounding structures, symptoms may worsen.
Synovial sarcoma may be asymptomatic or present with nonspecific symptoms, making diagnosis difficult.
Synovial sarcoma is typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies, biopsy, and pathological analysis. Key diagnostic components may include:
To visualize the tumor's location, size, and extent, X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans may be performed.
In order to confirm the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma, a biopsy must be performed. A small sample of tissue is taken from the tumor and examined under a microscope by a pathologist.
A genetic test may be performed to identify specific genetic mutations associated with synovial sarcoma, which can help guide treatment decisions.
Synovial sarcoma treatment depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, its spread (stage), as well as the individual's health and preferences.
Synovial sarcoma is treated with surgical resection, which aims to remove the tumor with clear margins while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible.
Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor, reduce the risk of recurrence, or relieve symptoms.
To control the spread of cancerous cells and improve survival outcomes, chemotherapy may be recommended for advanced or metastatic synovial sarcoma.
In some cases, targeted therapies or immunotherapy may be used to target specific molecular pathways or immune checkpoints involved in the growth and progression of synovial sarcoma.
The exact cause of synovial sarcoma is unknown, so it cannot be prevented entirely. However, early detection and prompt treatment may help improve outcomes and reduce complications. To detect and manage potential risk factors or early signs of disease for individuals with a family history of synovial sarcoma or other soft tissue sarcomas, genetic counseling and regular medical monitoring may be beneficial.
