It is a common skin condition caused by overexposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun or from tanning beds. Sunburns can be uncomfortable and can increase the risk of long-term damage and skin cancer, despite being mild and short-lived. Protecting the skin from harmful UV radiation requires understanding its causes, recognizing its symptoms, and taking preventive measures.
Sunburn occurs when the skin is exposed to excessive UV radiation, which damages the DNA in skin cells and triggers an inflammatory response. The following are some common causes and risk factors for sunburn:
Spending a lot of time outdoors without adequate sun protection, especially during peak sunlight hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.), increases the risk of sunburn.
Melanin, the pigment that provides natural sun protection, is less abundant in people with lighter skin tones.
Skin can be damaged by UV rays if sunscreen with sufficient sun protection factor (SPF) isn't applied or reapplied.
Certain medications, such as antibiotics, diuretics, and acne treatments, can increase sensitivity to UV radiation.
UV radiation reflects off reflective surfaces such as water, sand, snow, or concrete, intensifying exposure and increasing sunburn risk.
Sunburn symptoms usually appear within a few hours of exposure and may include:
Skin redness and inflammation
A feeling of warmth or tenderness in the affected area
An itching or burning sensation
In severe cases, swelling or blisters may occur
As the skin heals, it peels or flakes
A sunburn can cause physical symptoms as well as systemic effects such as fatigue, headaches, and fever.
Symptoms, duration of sun exposure, and measures taken to protect the skin may be discussed by healthcare providers as part of the diagnosis of sunburn. A clinical examination of the skin and a review of the individual's sun exposure history are usually needed to diagnose sunburn. It may be necessary to perform additional tests or evaluations when severe cases or complications are suspected, such as sun poisoning, to rule out other skin conditions or check for dehydration or heat-related illnesses.
Sunburn treatment involves relieving symptoms and promoting healing of damaged skin. Common treatments include:
To soothe sunburned skin and reduce inflammation, apply cool, damp cloths or take cool baths.
Aloe vera gel or gentle, fragrance-free moisturizers can help hydrate the skin and relieve dryness or peeling.
Sunburn pain can be relieved with over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen.
Drinking plenty of fluids can prevent dehydration and encourage skin healing.
Medical attention should be sought in severe cases or when blisters develop in order to prevent infection and ensure proper wound care.
In order to prevent sunburn, proactive measures should be taken to protect the skin from UV radiation. Some strategies to prevent sunburn include:
Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher to all exposed skin, and reapply every two hours.
Avoid direct sunlight during peak hours when UV radiation is strongest.
Protect yourself with lightweight, tightly woven clothing, a wide brimmed hat, and UV-protected sunglasses.
Skin damage and skin cancer can be increased by artificial sources of UV radiation, such as tanning beds and sun lamps.
