When left untreated, subdural hematoma can lead to life-threatening complications resulting from the accumulation of blood between the layers of brain tissue. It can result from a variety of causes. For this condition to be managed effectively, it is crucial to understand its causes, recognize its symptoms, accurately diagnose it, and implement effective treatment and prevention strategies.
A subdural hematoma usually occurs as a result of head trauma, in which blood vessels rupture and bleed into the space between the dura mater and the brain.
Accidental falls are a common cause of subdural hematomas, especially in older adults.
Accidents involving motor vehicles can cause head injuries and subdural hematomas due to high-impact collisions or rapid deceleration.
The subdural hematoma can be caused by physical assault or violence resulting in head trauma.
Blood clotting disorders, such as anticoagulant therapy or bleeding disorders, can increase the risk of spontaneous bleeding and subdural hematomas.
Subdural hematoma symptoms vary depending on the size and location of bleeding, as well as the individual's age and general health. Common symptoms include:
Symptoms of headache
Mental confusion or altered state of consciousness
Loss of balance or dizziness
Vomiting and nausea
One side of the body is weak or numb
A seizure
Vision changes or difficulty speaking
Subdural hematoma can cause coma or death if left untreated.
Subdural hematomas are typically diagnosed based on clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and diagnostic tests. Key diagnostic components include:
A neurological examination examines the patient's symptoms, mental status, and neurological function.
To visualize the extent of bleeding within the subdural space, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head is often used.
For assessing underlying coagulopathy or infection, other diagnostic tests such as blood tests or lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may be performed.
There are several treatment options for subdural hematoma depending on the severity of symptoms, the size and location of the bleeding, and the individual's overall health.
When there is no neurological deterioration, close observation and monitoring may be sufficient in cases of small or asymptomatic subdural hematomas.
A large or symptomatic subdural hematoma may require surgical intervention to eliminate the blood accumulation and relieve pressure on the brain. Surgical options may include craniotomy, burr hole drainage, or minimally invasive procedures such as endoscopic evacuation.
As part of the treatment plan, medication may be prescribed to control symptoms, manage pain, prevent seizures, or address underlying medical conditions.
Subdural hematomas can be prevented by minimizing head trauma and addressing modifiable risk factors for bleeding disorders.
Wearing a seat belt while driving, wearing a helmet when participating in sports or recreational activities, and taking precautions to prevent falls, especially for older adults.
Reduce the risk of spontaneous bleeding episodes by controlling blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and other medical conditions.
The use of alcohol and illicit drugs can impair judgment and increase the risk of head trauma and subdural hematomas.
