Pterygium: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Medically reviewed by Harsha Moole, MD, Internal Medicine. Last reviewed: October 23, 2026.
What kind of doctor treats Pterygium?
An ophthalmologist, a doctor who treats eye diseases and does eye surgery, is the main doctor who treats a pterygium. A direct primary care or concierge doctor can be a first stop for an evaluation and can refer you to a specialist when needed.
What is a pterygium?
A pterygium is a noncancerous growth that starts in the conjunctiva, the clear, thin tissue of the eye. The growth covers the white part of the eye and extends onto the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye. It is often slightly raised and contains visible blood vessels. It may happen in one eye or in both eyes. A pterygium is also called surfer's eye.
Symptoms
Sometimes a pterygium has no symptoms. The signs can include:
- A painless area of raised white tissue with blood vessels on the inner or outer edge of the cornea.
- Redness and swelling of the conjunctiva, mostly while the growth is getting bigger.
- Burning, irritation, or a feeling like there is something in the eye.
- Dry, itchy eyes, or a feeling that sand or grit is stuck in the eye.
- Blurry vision.
Vision may be affected if the growth reaches far enough onto the cornea. Ongoing inflammation can make a pterygium grow farther onto the cornea.
Causes and who gets it
The exact cause of a pterygium is unknown. Experts believe it comes from a mix of sunlight (ultraviolet or UV light), wind, and dust. It is more common in people who have a lot of exposure to sunlight and wind, such as people who work outdoors. Farmers, fishermen, and people living near the equator are often affected. A pterygium is rare in children.
How doctors diagnose it
A physical exam of the eyes and eyelids confirms the diagnosis. Special tests are not needed most of the time.
Treatment
In most cases, treatment is only wearing sunglasses and using artificial tears, which are lubricating eye drops. Keeping the eyes moist with artificial tears may help stop a pterygium from becoming inflamed and getting bigger. Mild steroid eye drops can calm inflammation if it happens.
Surgery can remove the growth for cosmetic reasons or if it blocks vision. If a pterygium grows large enough to cause problems, an ophthalmologist will probably recommend surgery to remove it. After the growth is removed, the surgeon may transplant a thin piece of normal tissue onto the area to reduce the chance that it will grow back. A pterygium can return after it is removed.
When to see a doctor
People with a pterygium should see an ophthalmologist each year, so it can be treated before it affects vision. Contact your ophthalmologist if you have had a pterygium in the past and your symptoms return. Also see an eye doctor if your eyes are uncomfortable or your vision is affected, because you may need treatment.
How a direct primary care or concierge doctor fits in
A direct primary care doctor charges a flat monthly fee instead of billing insurance, while a concierge doctor usually charges more and often works alongside insurance. Either can look at your eye symptoms and refer you to an ophthalmologist.
Common questions
Is a pterygium cancer?
No, a pterygium is a noncancerous growth. It starts in the conjunctiva and can grow onto the cornea.
Does a pterygium always need surgery?
No, most pterygia cause no problems and do not need surgical treatment. Surgery is used for cosmetic reasons or if the growth blocks vision.
Can a pterygium come back after surgery?
Yes, a pterygium can return after it is removed. Your surgeon may place a thin piece of normal tissue on the area to help lower the chance it will grow back.
Can I prevent a pterygium?
Protecting your eyes from ultraviolet light may help prevent a pterygium. This includes wearing sunglasses and a hat with a brim. Using artificial tears when your eyes are dry can also help.
What is surfer's eye?
Surfer's eye is another name for a pterygium. Experts believe it comes from sunlight, wind, and dust together.
Sources
- MedlinePlus - Pterygium
- American Academy of Ophthalmology - What Is a Pinguecula and a Pterygium (Surfer's Eye)?
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and reading it does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions about a medical condition, and never disregard or delay seeking professional advice because of something you read here. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately.
