A chronic liver disease characterized by progressive destruction of the bile ducts in the liver, Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) was formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis. This article discusses its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods:
Primary biliary cholangitis is not completely understood, but researchers believe it is caused by a combination of genetics, autoimmune factors, and environmental factors. A person with PBC has inflammation, scarring (fibrosis), and eventually a loss of liver function as a result of the immune system attacking the liver's bile ducts. Risk factors for PBC include female gender, middle age, family history of autoimmune diseases, and exposure to environmental toxins.
Individuals with primary biliary cholangitis may experience fatigue, itching (pruritus), dry eyes and mouth (xerostomia), abdominal discomfort or pain, jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and unexplained weight loss. As the disease progresses, symptoms may initially be mild or absent and then develop over time.
A healthcare provider must conduct a comprehensive examination to diagnose primary biliary cholangitis. To assess liver function and detect specific antibodies associated with PBC (e.g., antimitochondrial antibodies), a thorough medical history, physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies, including ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of liver damage, a liver biopsy may be performed.
Patients with primary biliary cholangitis receive treatment to slow the disease progression, alleviate symptoms, and prevent complications like liver cirrhosis and liver failure. PBC is treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a medication that improves liver function and slows disease progression. Patients who have advanced disease or do not respond to UDCA may be prescribed additional medications such as obeticholic acid (OCA). Symptomatic treatment can include medications to relieve itching or fatigue, nutritional support, and management of complications such as osteoporosis.
Since the exact cause of primary biliary cholangitis is not fully understood, it may not always be possible to prevent it. It is possible, however, to reduce the risk of developing liver disease if you maintain a healthy lifestyle, avoid excessive alcohol consumption, and minimize exposure to environmental toxins. PBC complications may also be prevented if liver diseases and autoimmune conditions are detected and treated early.
