An infection of the peritoneum, which line the inside of the abdomen and cover the abdominal organs, is what causes peritoneitis. Infections or chemical irritations from body fluids can cause peritoneal peritonitis. If left untreated, peritoneal peritonitis can lead to severe complications, such as sepsis, organ failure, or death. Therefore, you should recognize the symptoms and seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Peritonitis can be classified into two types: spontaneous and secondary.
As a result of bacteria or fungi entering the peritoneal cavity without any apparent source of infection, spontaneous peritonitis occurs. Cirrhosis, kidney disease, HIV, or other medical conditions that affect the immune system or the liver can lead to this. Additionally, spontaneous peritonitis can occur as a result of peritoneal dialysis, which involves filtering the blood through a catheter inserted into the abdomen as a treatment for kidney failure.
As a result of a perforation, rupture, or inflammation of an abdominal organ, secondary peritonitis occurs. It is possible for bacteria or fungi from the digestive system or other sources to enter the peritoneal cavity and cause infection. Some of the common causes of secondary peritonitis include:
A ruptured appendix
A perforated ulcer
A perforated colon
Diverticulitis
Crohn’s disease
Pancreatitis
Cholecystitis
A feeding tube
A colonoscopy or endoscopy
A surgery or trauma to the abdomen
The symptoms of peritonitis may vary depending on the type, cause, and severity of the condition. However, some of the common symptoms are:
Abdominal pain or tenderness
Abdominal swelling or bloating
Fever and chills
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Diarrhea
Increased thirst
Decreased urine output
Difficulty passing stool or gas
Fatigue
Confusion
In addition, people who undergo peritoneal dialysis may notice changes in their dialysis fluid, such as:
Cloudiness or discoloration
White flecks, strands, or clumps
Unusual odor
Pain or redness around the catheter site
Peritonitis is diagnosed by a physical examination and various tests that can confirm the presence and source of infection. Some of the tests that may be performed are:
Complete blood count (CBC): This test measures the number and type of blood cells, including white blood cells, which are involved in fighting infection. A high white blood cell count may indicate peritonitis.
Paracentesis: This procedure involves inserting a needle into the abdomen and withdrawing a sample of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. The fluid is then analyzed for signs of infection, such as bacteria, fungi, or white blood cells.
X-ray: This imaging test can show if there is any perforation or hole in the peritoneum or the abdominal organs.
CT scan: This imaging test can provide a detailed view of the abdomen and the peritoneum and show the extent and location of infection.
Ultrasound: This imaging test can show the condition of the abdominal organs and the peritoneum and detect any fluid accumulation or abscess formation.
The treatment of peritonitis depends on the type, cause, and severity of the condition. The main goals of treatment are to eliminate the infection, repair the damage, and prevent complications. The treatment options may include:
Antibiotics: These are medications that kill or stop the growth of bacteria or fungi that cause infection. Antibiotics are usually given intravenously (through a vein) or orally (by mouth). The type and duration of antibiotics may vary depending on the type and source of infection.
Surgery: This is a procedure that involves opening the abdomen and removing the infected or damaged tissue, such as a burst appendix or an abscess. Surgery may also be done to repair any perforation or hole in the peritoneum or the abdominal organs.
Other procedures: These may include blood transfusion, oxygen therapy, intravenous fluid therapy, or dialysis, depending on the condition and needs of the patient.
Peritonitis can be prevented by taking some measures to reduce the risk of infection or injury to the abdomen. Some of the preventive steps are:
Practicing good hygiene, especially before and after handling food, using the bathroom, or touching a wound or catheter.
Washing hands thoroughly before touching a catheter or performing peritoneal dialysis.
Cleaning the skin around the catheter and wearing a surgical mask during peritoneal dialysis.
Following the instructions and guidelines of the health care provider regarding peritoneal dialysis, such as changing the dialysis fluid regularly and using sterile equipment and techniques.
Seeking medical attention for any abdominal pain, fever, or other signs of infection or inflammation.
Avoiding or limiting the use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs that can damage the liver or the immune system.
Eating a balanced diet and drinking enough fluids to maintain good health and digestion.
Taking medications as prescribed and following up with the health care provider regularly.
