Infections by bacteria and fungi cause osteomyelitis, which can damage bone tissue and lead to complications. It is a serious condition that affects the bones. In this blog post, we will explain what osteomyelitis is, what its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods are.
The infection of a bone is called osteomyelitis. Bacteria or fungi can enter a bone via the bloodstream, an open wound, or surgery. As a result of the infection, the bone marrow, which produces blood cells inside the bone, becomes inflamed and swollen. A reduction in blood supply can result in osteonecrosis, which is death of the bone.
In children, osteomyelitis affects the long bones of the arms and legs, while in adults, it affects the spine, feet, or hips. There are two types of osteomyelitis: acute and chronic. Acute osteomyelitis occurs suddenly and lasts for a few weeks. Chronic osteomyelitis persists for months or years and may lead to recurrent episodes of pain and drainage.
The most common cause of osteomyelitis is bacterial infection by Staphylococcus aureus. Other bacteria or fungi can also cause osteomyelitis, depending on the source of infection.
There are different ways that germs can reach the bone and cause osteomyelitis:
Through the bloodstream: Germs from other parts of the body, such as the lungs, bladder, or skin, can travel through the blood and settle in a weak spot in the bone.
Through an injury: A severe puncture wound, such as from an animal bite or a nail piercing through a shoe, can carry germs deep into the body and infect the bone or nearby tissue. A broken bone that sticks out through the skin can also expose the bone to germs.
Through a surgery: Germs can contaminate the bone during surgeries to repair fractures or replace joints. Bone implants or devices can also become infected and spread germs to the bone.
Some people are more prone to developing osteomyelitis than others. The risk factors include:
Age: Older adults and young children are more likely to get osteomyelitis.
Patients with diabetes, peripheral artery disease, or sickle cell anemia are more likely to develop osteomyelitis because of blood circulation problems. As well as making it harder to fight off infections, conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, or organ transplants can also weaken the immune system.
Lifestyle habits: Smoking, alcohol abuse, or intravenous drug use can impair the healing process and increase the chance of infection.
Recent injury or surgery: A trauma or operation that involves the bone can create an entry point for germs.
In some cases, osteomyelitis may not cause any symptoms, or it may cause symptoms that seem similar to other conditions. Some of the common symptoms include:
Pain and tenderness in the affected area of bone
Swelling, warmth, and redness over the infected site
Fever and chills
Fatigue and weakness
Irritability and lethargy in children
Reduced range of motion in nearby joints
Drainage of pus from an open wound
You will be asked about your medical history, symptoms, and risk factors in order to diagnose osteomyelitis. Your doctor may order some tests in order to confirm the diagnosis and identify the type of germ that caused it. These tests include:
Blood tests: To check for signs of inflammation and infection in your blood. A blood culture can also reveal the specific germ causing your infection.
X-rays: To show any damage or changes in your bone structure. However, X-rays may not detect early stages of osteomyelitis.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): To provide detailed images of your bone and surrounding tissues. MRI can detect early signs of osteomyelitis and show how far it has spread.
CT (computed tomography) scan: To produce cross-sectional images of your internal organs. CT scan can be used if you cannot undergo MRI due to certain conditions.
Bone biopsy: To collect a small sample of your bone tissue for microscopic examination. A bone biopsy can confirm the diagnosis of osteomyelitis and determine the type of germ causing it.
Treatment options for osteomyelitis depend on the type, location, and severity of the infection. The main goals of treatment are to eliminate the infection, prevent complications, and restore the bone's function.
Antibiotics: To kill the bacteria causing your infection. Antibiotics are usually given through a vein (intravenously) for several weeks. You may also need to take oral antibiotics for a longer period of time.
Antifungals: To kill the fungi causing your infection. Antifungals are usually taken as pills or liquids for several months.
Surgery: To remove the infected or dead portions of bone and tissue (debridement). Surgery can also drain any pus or fluid that has accumulated in the infected area. Sometimes, surgery may involve filling the empty space left by the removed bone with bone or tissue from another part of your body (grafting). In rare cases, surgery may require amputating a limb to prevent the spread of infection.
Osteomyelitis can be prevented by taking some measures to reduce the risk of infection and improve your overall health. These measures include:
Taking care of your wounds: Clean any cuts or injuries immediately with soap and water. Apply a bandage or dressing to protect them from germs. Seek medical attention for deeper or more serious wounds.
Following your doctor’s instructions: Complete the entire course of antibiotics or antifungals prescribed for you. Do not skip or stop your medication without consulting your doctor. Attend your follow-up appointments and tests as scheduled.
Quitting smoking and drinking: Smoking and drinking can impair your blood circulation and healing process. They can also weaken your immune system and make you more susceptible to infections.
Managing your chronic conditions: If you have diabetes, peripheral artery disease, or sickle cell anemia, keep your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels under control. Follow your doctor’s advice on diet, exercise, and medication.
Strengthening your immune system: Eat a balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Drink plenty of water and avoid sugary drinks. Get enough sleep and rest. Exercise regularly and moderately. Avoid stress and practice relaxation techniques.
It is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. If left untreated, osteomyelitis can result in bone death, gangrene, septic arthritis, impaired growth, or even death. Consequently, it is important to be aware of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods of osteomyelitis. If you suspect that you have osteomyelitis, contact your doctor right away. Your bone health can be restored if you receive proper treatment and management for osteomyelitis.
