A condition known as nephrotic syndrome causes the kidneys to release too much protein into the urine, which can cause swelling, high cholesterol, low albumin, and increased risks of infection and blood clots. Nephrotic syndrome is caused by a variety of diseases that cause damage to the tiny blood vessels that filter the blood in the kidneys (glomeruli). These diseases include diabetes, lupus, amyloidosis, certain infections, and medications. People with diabetes, allergies, or a family history of kidney disease are more likely to suffer from nephrotic syndrome.
A nephrotic syndrome symptom is proteinuria, which is too much protein in the urine. This can cause the urine to foam or foamy.
Edema in the feet, ankles, legs, face, or around the eyes
Fluid retention causes weight gain
Loss of appetite and fatigue
Blood pressure and cholesterol levels are high
Albumin levels are low, a protein that helps the body maintain fluid balance
Infections, especially in the lungs, skin, and abdomen, are more likely to occur
An increased risk of blood clots, especially in the legs and lungs
Based on the underlying cause, the amount of protein lost, and the individual response to nephrotic syndrome, the symptoms may vary. In some cases, mild symptoms can be managed at home, while in others, severe symptoms require hospitalization and medication.
Based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, nephrotic syndrome can be diagnosed. Symptoms, duration and frequency of proteinuria, medications and supplements used, and any other medical conditions or family history of kidney disease might be discussed with the doctor. Signs of swelling, blood pressure, heart and lung function may also be examined by the doctor.
Laboratory tests may include:
A urine test measures the amount and type of proteins in urine. A urine sample may be collected over 24 hours or in one go.
This test measures the levels of albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and other substances in the blood. This can indicate how well the kidneys are functioning and how much protein is being lost from the body.
It is possible to identify the cause and extent of glomerular damage by taking a small sample of kidney tissue for microscopic examination.
Treatment for nephrotic syndrome depends on its cause, severity, and complications. The main goals of treatment are:
Swelling and protein loss can be reduced
Maintain a healthy blood pressure and cholesterol level
Infections and blood clots should be prevented or treated
Nutrition and kidney function support
Nephrotic syndrome is caused by an underlying disease or condition.
Nephrotic syndrome can be treated with the following options:
Diuretics, blood pressure drugs, cholesterol-lowering drugs, blood thinners, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics can reduce the symptoms and complications of nephrotic syndrome, but they may also have side effects.
Reduce salt, protein, fat, and cholesterol intake. These changes can reduce fluid retention, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and kidney strain.
Changes in lifestyle: Quitting smoking, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding alcohol and drugs can help improve kidney health and prevent further damage.
Those with severe or end-stage kidney failure can choose to undergo dialysis or a kidney transplant. Dialysis involves filtering the blood and removing waste and excess fluid with the help of a machine. A kidney transplant replaces a damaged kidney with a healthy one from a donor.
Preventing nephrotic syndrome involves avoiding or treating the diseases that can cause it. Some preventive measures include:
Managing diabetes and blood sugar levels
Lupus and other autoimmune diseases: managing them
Infection prevention and treatment
Limiting or avoiding the use of medications that can harm the kidneys, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), certain antibiotics, or contrast dyes
Maintaining regular check-ups and screening tests for kidney function and proteinuria
Following the doctor's advice and taking the prescribed medications
Symptoms or complications of nephrotic syndrome should be sought medical attention promptly
