A serious condition, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) affects newborn babies, particularly those who are premature or who have low birth weights, causing inflammation and tissue death in the intestine lining. It can result in infection, perforation, or sepsis. It can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
There is no exact cause of NEC, but it may be caused by a combination of factors, including:
There is a reduction in blood flow or oxygen to the intestine, which weakens the intestinal wall and makes it more susceptible to bacteria and toxins.
An immature immune system can make it harder for the baby to fight infection or inflammation in the intestines.
Breast milk may protect against NEC, as it contains antibodies and beneficial bacteria, as opposed to formula feeding, which can introduce foreign substances or bacteria.
There are other medical conditions that can increase the risk or severity of NEC, such as septicemia, respiratory distress syndrome, or congenital heart defects.
NEC may cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the stage and extent of the disease:
Swelling, tenderness, or discoloration of the abdomen
Stools that are bloody or dark
Vomiting or poor feeding
Irritability or lethargy
Low body temperature or fever
Breathing pauses or a slow heart rate (apnea or bradycardia)
Doctors can diagnose NEC by performing a physical examination and ordering some tests, such as:
An abdominal X-ray can reveal signs of air or gas in the intestine or abdominal cavity, indicating tissue damage or perforation.
An infection or inflammation can be detected by blood tests that measure white blood cells, platelets, or inflammatory markers.
Intestinal injuries or infections can be detected by stool tests, which detect blood or bacteria.
Treatment for NEC depends on its severity and stage, but may include:
To prevent further damage to the intestine, stop feedings and insert a tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach to remove air and fluid.
Providing intravenous fluids and antibiotics to prevent dehydration and infection, as well as nutrition and support.
Monitoring the baby's vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels, and providing oxygen or mechanical ventilation if necessary.
Performing surgery to remove necrotic or perforated parts of the intestine, and making an artificial opening (stoma) for stool to pass through.
Some measures can be taken to reduce the risk or progression of NEC, such as:
If possible, breastfeed the baby or use a special formula designed for premature babies.
Avoid overfeeding or air swallowing by feeding the baby slowly and carefully.
To prevent the spread of bacteria and viruses, practice good hygiene and infection control, such as washing hands, sterilizing equipment, and isolating sick babies.
If the baby shows any signs or symptoms of NEC, seek medical attention immediately.
