A sexually transmitted illness (STI) known as lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is brought on by certain strains of the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium. The immune system's lymphatic system, which aids in the defense against infections, is impacted by LGV. In addition to ulcers or abscesses on the genitalia or anus, LGV can occasionally result in painful, swollen lymph nodes in the groin, pelvis, or rectum. Antibiotics can be used to cure LGV, but if the condition is not treated, it can result in major side effects such fistulas, scarring, or persistent discomfort. By using safe sexual practices and being tested frequently, LGV can be avoided.
Four different strains of Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria—L1, L2, L2a, and L3—cause LGV. These varieties differ from the more prevalent kinds of chlamydia that cause infections in the genitalia. Anal, vaginal, or oral intercourse with an infected individual can spread LGV. The mucous membranes or skin might sustain minor abrasions or wounds that allow the germs to enter the body. After then, the bacteria enter the lymphatic system and infect the lymph nodes close to the infection site. Additionally, LGV can expand to the spleen, liver, or joints, among other regions of the body.
LGV has three stages of symptoms, which may not occur in order or at the same time. The symptoms may include:
First stage: A small, painless sore or blister on the genitals, anus, or mouth, which may heal within a few days and go unnoticed
Second stage: Swollen and tender lymph nodes in the groin, pelvis, or rectum, which may form pus-filled lumps or open sores on the skin
Third stage: Inflammation and scarring of the lymphatic vessels, which may cause swelling, pain, or deformity of the genitals or anus, or blockage of the urine or stool
A physician will inquire about the patient's symptoms, sexual history, and medical history in order to make an LGV diagnosis. In addition, the physician will do a physical examination to look for any physical indications of LGV, such as swollen lymph nodes in the groin or pelvis, sores, lumps, or discharge on the genitalia or anus. In order to confirm the diagnosis and rule out additional STIs, the doctor could also prescribe certain tests, such as:
Blood tests, which can check for the presence of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria or other infections
Urine tests, which can detect the DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria or other bacteria in the urine
Swab tests, which can collect samples of fluid or tissue from the sores, lumps, or discharge on the genitals or anus, and test them for Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria or other microorganisms
Biopsy, which can take a small piece of tissue from the affected lymph node or organ, and examine it under a microscope for signs of infection or damage
The treatment of LGV depends on the stage and severity of the infection. The main goal of the treatment is to eliminate the bacteria, reduce the inflammation, and prevent or treat the complications. The treatment options may include:
Antibiotics, which are drugs that can kill or stop the growth of Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. Antibiotics may be given orally or intravenously, depending on the type and extent of the infection. Antibiotics may be given for 21 days or longer, depending on the response and the risk of recurrence.
Pain relievers, which are drugs that can reduce the pain and discomfort caused by LGV. Pain relievers may include over-the-counter or prescription medications, such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen. Pain relievers may also help lower the fever and inflammation.
Surgery, which is a procedure that involves draining or removing the infected lymph nodes or abscesses, or repairing the damaged lymphatic vessels or organs. Surgery may be necessary if the infection does not respond to antibiotics, if the lymph nodes or abscesses are very large or causing complications, or if the scarring or deformity is severe.
LGV can be prevented by practicing safe sex and getting tested regularly. Some of the preventive measures are:
Using condoms or dental dams during anal, vaginal, or oral sex, which can reduce the risk of getting or spreading LGV or other STIs
Limiting the number of sexual partners, which can lower the exposure to LGV or other STIs
Getting tested for LGV and other STIs before starting a new sexual relationship, which can help detect and treat any infection early and avoid passing it to others
Getting treated for LGV and other STIs as soon as possible, which can prevent the infection from getting worse or causing complications
Avoiding sex until the infection is cured, which can prevent the transmission of LGV or other STIs to others
