A chronic condition called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) causes inflammation and damage to the digestive tract. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are two of the most common types. From the mouth to the anus, Crohn's disease can affect any part of the digestive tract, but it usually occurs at the end of the small intestine (ileum) and at the beginning of the large intestine (colon). Only the colon and rectum inner linings are affected by ulcerative colitis.
The exact cause of IBD is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. IBD is classified as an autoimmune disease, meaning the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. IBD causes ulcers, bleeding, and scarring in the digestive tract as a result of an abnormal inflammatory response from the immune system.
Some possible risk factors for developing IBD include:
Having a family history of IBD or other autoimmune diseases
Having certain genetic mutations or variations that affect the immune system or the intestinal barrier
Having exposure to certain bacteria, viruses, or parasites that may trigger or worsen the inflammation
Having smoking, stress, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that may irritate or damage the digestive tract
Having dietary factors, such as low-fiber, high-fat, or processed foods, that may alter the gut microbiome or the intestinal function
The symptoms of IBD vary depending on the type, location, and severity of the inflammation, as well as the individual characteristics of the patient. Some common symptoms include:
Diarrhea, sometimes with blood or mucus
Abdominal pain or cramps
Fever or chills
Weight loss or loss of appetite
Fatigue or weakness
Anemia or low blood count
Joint pain or swelling
Skin rashes or sores
Eye problems or vision changes
Mouth ulcers or canker sores
Some people with IBD may also experience complications, such as:
Bowel obstruction or perforation, which is when the inflammation narrows or tears the wall of the intestine
Fistula or abscess, which is when the inflammation creates an abnormal connection or a collection of pus between different parts of the intestine or other organs
Toxic megacolon, which is when the inflammation causes the colon to dilate and become paralyzed
Colon cancer, which is when the chronic inflammation leads to abnormal cell growth and formation of tumors in the colon
Osteoporosis, which is when the inflammation reduces the bone density and increases the risk of fractures
Malnutrition, which is when the inflammation impairs the absorption of nutrients and causes deficiencies
Growth failure, which is when the inflammation affects the development and growth of children and adolescents
IBD can be diagnosed by a medical evaluation and testing of the patient. The evaluation may include:
Medical history and physical examination
Blood tests to check the levels of inflammation, infection, anemia, or other markers
Stool tests to check the presence of blood, bacteria, parasites, or antibodies
Endoscopy, such as colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or upper endoscopy, to examine the inside of the digestive tract and obtain tissue samples for biopsy
Imaging tests, such as X-ray, CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound, to obtain images of the digestive tract and other organs
Genetic tests to identify any chromosomal abnormalities or inherited disorders that may affect the IBD
There is no cure for IBD, and treatment options are primarily aimed at controlling inflammation, relieving the symptoms, and preventing or treating complications. IBD is treated according to its type, location, and severity, as well as the patient's age, preferences, and overall health.
Some possible treatments for IBD include:
Medications to reduce the inflammation, such as aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, or biologics
Medications to treat the symptoms, such as antidiarrheals, pain relievers, antibiotics, or iron supplements
Surgery to remove or repair the damaged or diseased part of the intestine, such as resection, strictureplasty, or colectomy
Dietary therapy to provide adequate calories, protein, and fluids, and to avoid foods that may worsen the inflammation or the symptoms, such as dairy, gluten, fiber, or spicy foods
Lifestyle modifications to quit smoking, manage stress, exercise regularly, and follow the doctor’s advice and instructions
Supportive care to monitor and treat the complications, such as infusion therapy, blood transfusion, or ostomy care
Complementary or alternative therapies to enhance the well-being and quality of life, such as probiotics, acupuncture, or meditation
IBD cannot be prevented in all cases, as some causes are unknown or unavoidable. However, some possible ways to reduce the risk or severity of IBD include:
Having regular check-ups and screenings to monitor the digestive health and detect any problems early
Taking medications and treatments as prescribed by the doctor for IBD or any underlying conditions that may affect the inflammation
Following the doctor’s advice and instructions regarding the use of medications, supplements, or contraceptives
Adopting a healthy lifestyle, such as quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, avoiding drugs, maintaining a normal weight, managing stress, and avoiding exposure to environmental toxins
Eating a balanced and nutritious diet and drinking enough fluids to prevent dehydration, malnutrition, or diarrhea
Seeking medical attention and treatment for any signs or symptoms of IBD or its complications, such as fever, pain, bleeding, or weight loss
Exploring the available options and seeking professional help and support if IBD affects the emotional, social, or sexual well-being
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) causes inflammation and damage to the digestive tract. Most patients can manage their condition with proper diagnosis, treatment, and care.
