The kidney disease IgA nephropathy affects the glomeruli, which are the tiny filters that remove waste from the blood. IgA nephropathy occurs when antibodies called immunoglobulin A (IgA) accumulate in the glomeruli, causing inflammation and damage. In addition to blood and protein in the urine, high blood pressure, swelling in the hands and feet, and eventual kidney failure, this can result in kidney failure.
The exact cause of IgA nephropathy is unknown, but it may be related to genetic factors or environmental triggers. Some possible risk factors for developing IgA nephropathy include:
Family history of kidney disease or other autoimmune diseases
Having a condition that increases IgA levels in the blood, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease
Having certain infections or allergies that trigger an immune response
Being exposed to certain chemicals or drugs that may damage the kidneys
Being overweight or obese
Many people with IgA nephropathy do not have any symptoms until they develop kidney problems. However, some common symptoms of IgA nephropathy include:
Blood or tea-colored urine
Foamy urine from protein leaking into the urine
Pain on one or both sides of the back below the ribs
Swelling in the hands and feet
High blood pressure
Weakness and tiredness
If IgA nephropathy progresses to kidney failure, some additional symptoms may occur, such as:
Rashes and itchy skin
Muscle cramps
Upset stomach and vomiting
Less appetite
Metallic taste in the mouth
Confusion
IgA nephropathy can be diagnosed by a combination of tests that check for signs of kidney damage and abnormal levels of IgA in the blood and urine. Some of these tests include:
Urinalysis: This test examines a sample of urine for blood cells, protein, bacteria, crystals, and other substances.
Blood tests: These tests measure the levels of creatinine (a waste product), urea (another waste product), electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium), albumin (a protein), C-reactive protein (a marker of inflammation), and IgA antibodies.
Kidney biopsy: This test involves taking a small piece of kidney tissue with a needle and examining it under a microscope for signs of inflammation and damage.
It is impossible to cure IgA nephropathy, but treatments can help slow its progression and prevent complications. IgA nephropathy is treated primarily by reducing inflammation, lowering blood pressure, preventing protein loss in urine, protecting kidney function, and treating any underlying conditions that may contribute to it. IgA nephropathy can be treated in a number of ways, including:
There are drugs that lower blood pressure, drugs that reduce inflammation, drugs that prevent protein loss in urine, drugs that prevent calcium deposits in the kidneys, drugs that treat infections or allergies, drugs that control diabetes, etc.
The right diet can help lower blood pressure, control weight gain, lower cholesterol levels, prevent diabetes complications, and support kidney health. In general, it is recommended to eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, low-fat dairy products, and healthy fats; limit salt intake; avoid processed foods; drink lots of water; limit alcohol consumption; and quit smoking.
Exercise regularly, managing stress, getting enough sleep, avoiding exposure to toxins, and following your doctor's instructions on medication use can also help improve kidney function and overall health.
There is no sure way to prevent IgA nephropathy from developing or worsening. However, some preventive measures may help reduce your risk or delay its onset. These include:
Getting regular checkups with your doctor if you have any risk factors for kidney disease.
Taking your medications as prescribed by your doctor.
Following your doctor’s advice on diet, lifestyle changes, and treatment options.
Avoiding infections, allergies, or injuries that may trigger an immune response.
Seeking medical attention promptly if you notice any symptoms of kidney problems.
