A variety of cancers can be considered head and neck cancer, including cancers of the mouth, throat, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, and lymph nodes. With 890,000 new cases and 450,000 deaths per year, head and neck cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.
The exact causes of head and neck cancer are not fully understood, but some factors that may increase the risk include:
Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing
Alcohol consumption, especially in combination with tobacco
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which can be transmitted through oral sex
Exposure to radiation, asbestos, or other carcinogens
Poor oral hygiene and dental health
Genetic or familial predisposition
Chronic inflammation or infection
The symptoms of head and neck cancer may vary depending on the location and type of the tumor, but some common signs include:
A lump or sore that does not heal
Difficulty swallowing or breathing
Hoarseness or change in voice
Ear pain or hearing loss
Bleeding or discharge from the nose or mouth
Swelling or pain in the neck or jaw
Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
To diagnose head and neck cancer, a doctor may perform a physical examination, ask about the medical history and risk factors, and order some tests, such as:
Biopsy, which involves taking a small sample of tissue from the suspicious area and examining it under a microscope
Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, or ultrasound, which can show the size, shape, and location of the tumor and whether it has spread to other parts of the body
Endoscopy, which involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a light and a camera into the mouth, nose, or throat to look for abnormalities
Blood tests, which can check for the presence of certain markers or antibodies that indicate cancer or infection
The treatment of head and neck cancer depends on the stage, location, and type of the tumor, as well as the patient’s age, general health, and preferences. The main treatment options include:
Surgery, which involves removing the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue, and sometimes reconstructing the affected area
Radiation therapy, which uses high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors
Chemotherapy, which uses drugs to stop the growth or spread of cancer cells
Immunotherapy, which uses substances that stimulate the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells
Targeted therapy, which uses drugs that block specific molecules or pathways that are involved in the growth or survival of cancer cells
The treatment may cause side effects including pain, swelling, infection, bleeding, scarring, dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, taste changes, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, or skin problems when used alone or in combination. To manage these side effects, the doctor may prescribe medications or suggest lifestyle changes.
Some ways to prevent or reduce the risk of head and neck cancer include:
Avoiding or quitting tobacco use in any form
Limiting or avoiding alcohol consumption
Practicing safe sex and getting vaccinated against HPV
Protecting the skin from sun exposure and using sunscreen
Avoiding exposure to radiation, asbestos, or other carcinogens
Maintaining good oral hygiene and dental health
Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Getting regular check-ups and screenings
Early detection and treatment of head and neck cancer can significantly improve the quality of life and survival of patients. Many cases can be cured or controlled with appropriate treatment. It is therefore essential to be aware of the risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of head and neck cancer, and to seek medical attention if any signs or concerns arise.
