A serious condition called endocarditis involves the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. It is usually caused by an infection with bacteria, fungi, or other germs that enter the bloodstream and attach to damaged areas within the heart. As a result, it is imperative to recognize the symptoms of endocarditis and seek medical attention as soon as possible. Complications of endocarditis include heart failure, stroke, abscesses, and sepsis.
Endocarditis can occur when germs from other parts of the body, such as the mouth, throat, skin or gut, get into the bloodstream and travel to the heart. This can happen due to:
Poor oral hygiene or gum disease
Dental procedures or surgeries
Catheterization or long-term use of catheters
Sexually transmitted diseases
Intravenous drug use
Piercings or tattoos
Some people are more prone to develop endocarditis than others. These include people who have:
Artificial or damaged heart valves
Congenital heart defects
Previous history of endocarditis
Suppressed immune system
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
The symptoms of endocarditis can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection. Some common symptoms include:
Fever and chills
Night sweats
Fatigue and weakness
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Heart murmur or abnormal heartbeat
Swelling in the legs, feet or abdomen
Muscle and joint pain
Skin rash or red spots
Weight loss
Blood in the urine
Splenomegaly or enlarged spleen
Some less common symptoms include:
Osler nodes or painful red bumps on the fingers or toes
Janeway lesions or painless red spots on the palms or soles
Petechiae or tiny red dots on the skin, eyes or mouth
Stroke, seizures or paralysis
Abscesses in the heart, brain, lungs or other organs
In order to diagnose endocarditis, the doctor will examine the patient's symptoms, medical history, and risk factors. The doctor will also perform a physical examination and listen to the heart sounds. To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor may order some tests. These tests may include:
Blood tests to check for the presence of germs or inflammation markers
Echocardiogram to visualize the heart valves and chambers
Electrocardiogram to measure the electrical activity of the heart
Chest X-ray to detect any enlargement or fluid in the heart or lungs
CT scan or MRI to check for any spread of the infection to other organs
Cardiac catheterization to assess the blood flow and pressure in the heart
The treatment of endocarditis depends on the type and severity of the infection, the condition of the heart and the response to the medication. The main goals of the treatment are to:
Eliminate the infection with antibiotics or antifungal drugs
Repair or replace the damaged heart valves or tissue with surgery
Prevent or treat any complications with medication or procedures
The treatment usually involves hospitalization and close monitoring. The duration of the treatment can range from a few weeks to several months. The doctor will advise on the best course of treatment.
Endocarditis can be prevented by reducing the risk of infection and maintaining good heart health. Some preventive measures include:
Practicing good oral hygiene and visiting the dentist regularly
Avoiding non-sterile procedures that may introduce germs into the bloodstream
Taking preventive antibiotics before certain dental or medical procedures, if advised by the doctor
Following the doctor’s instructions on taking care of the artificial or repaired heart valves
Avoiding intravenous drug use or sharing needles
Seeking prompt treatment for any signs of infection or inflammation
Eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly
Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake
Managing any underlying conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure or high cholesterol
By understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention of endocarditis, one can protect their heart and health.
