A degenerative disc disease (DDD) causes the discs between the vertebrae to lose their elasticity and shock-absorbing abilities, resulting in pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility in the neck, lower back, or both.
The main cause of DDD is aging, as the discs naturally wear out over time. However, some factors can accelerate the process, such as:
Injury or trauma to the spine
Smoking
Obesity
Poor posture
Lack of exercise
Genetics
The symptoms of DDD vary depending on the location and severity of the disc degeneration. Some common symptoms are:
Chronic or intermittent pain in the neck or lower back
Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs
Difficulty moving, bending, or twisting the spine
Muscle spasms or cramps
Reduced range of motion or flexibility
To diagnose DDD, a doctor will perform a physical examination and ask about the patient’s medical history, symptoms, and lifestyle. The doctor may also order some tests, such as:
X-rays, to show the alignment and shape of the vertebrae
MRI or CT scan, to show the condition and size of the discs
Discogram, to inject dye into the discs and see how they respond to pressure
Nerve conduction study or electromyography, to measure the electrical activity of the nerves and muscles
The treatment of DDD depends on the patient’s age, health, and preferences. The goal is to relieve pain, improve function, and prevent further damage to the spine. Some common treatment options are:
Medications, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, pain relievers, or steroids
Physical therapy, to strengthen the muscles that support the spine and improve posture and flexibility
Massage, acupuncture, or chiropractic care, to ease muscle tension and stimulate blood flow
Heat or ice therapy, to reduce inflammation and soothe pain
Injections, such as epidural steroid injections or nerve blocks, to deliver medication directly to the affected area
Surgery, such as spinal fusion, artificial disc replacement, or disc decompression, to remove or replace the damaged disc or relieve pressure on the nerves
While DDD cannot be completely prevented, some lifestyle changes can help slow down the degeneration and reduce the risk of complications. Some preventive measures are:
Maintaining a healthy weight
Quitting smoking
Avoiding lifting heavy objects or twisting the spine
Practicing good posture and ergonomics
Exercising regularly and stretching the spine
Getting enough rest and sleep
Disc degeneration is a painful condition that affects the spine. However, with proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, the symptoms can be managed and the quality of life can be improved.
