The cystic hygroma is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the neck or head of a newborn or fetus. It is caused by an abnormal development of the lymphatic system, which drains excessive fluids. It can vary in size and shape, and it may affect the appearance and function of nearby structures, including the face, throat, and airways.
A genetic or chromosomal abnormality, such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, or Noonan syndrome, may be responsible for cystic hygroma, but the exact cause is unknown. Cystic hygroma may also be triggered by environmental factors, such as maternal infections, alcohol use, or exposure to certain drugs or chemicals.
A cystic hygroma may be detected during a prenatal ultrasound, or it may become apparent after birth. The symptoms of cystic hygroma depend on its location, size, and severity. Some common symptoms include:
A soft, painless lump or swelling in the neck or head
Difficulty breathing, swallowing, or speaking
Facial asymmetry or deformity
Bleeding or infection of the cyst
Complications such as heart failure, lung problems, or nerve damage
A physical examination and imaging tests, such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan, can be used to diagnose cystic hygroma. A biopsy or aspiration of the fluid may also be done to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions. Alternatively, chromosomal abnormalities may be detected by genetic testing or amniocentesis.
The treatment of cystic hygroma depends on the individual case and the preference of the parents and doctors. Some possible treatment options include:
In some cases, cystic hygromas may shrink or disappear on their own, especially if they are small and do not cause any symptoms or complications. Regular monitoring and follow-up are needed to check for any changes or growth.
Surgical removal of cystic hygromas may be necessary in some cases, especially if they are large, cause symptoms, or affect nearby structures. Depending on the situation and availability of specialized care, surgery may be done before or after birth. Surgery may not be able to remove the entire cyst, and there may be bleeding, infection, or damage to nearby structures.
In some cases, cystic hygromas can be treated with sclerotherapy, a chemical agent that causes the cyst to shrink and scar. Depending on the situation and availability of specialized care, sclerotherapy may be performed before or after birth. In addition to recurrence, bleeding, infection, and damage to nearby structures, scleroscopy is not effective for all types of cystic hygroma.
There is no known way to prevent cystic hygroma, as it is a congenital condition that occurs during fetal development. However, some general measures that may reduce the risk of cystic hygroma or its complications include:
Taking prenatal vitamins and folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy
Avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs during pregnancy
Getting regular prenatal care and screening tests
Seeking early medical attention if any signs or symptoms of cystic hygroma are noticed
Consulting with a genetic counselor or a specialist if there is a family history of cystic hygroma or chromosomal abnormalities
