In chronic sinusitis, air fills the sinuses in the skull that connect to the nose, and helps filter, humidify, and warm our air. Chronic sinusitis occurs when the sinuses become inflamed or infected for over 12 weeks. In addition to causing a wide variety of symptoms, it can affect the quality of life of those who suffer from it.
The exact cause of chronic sinusitis is not fully understood, but it may involve a combination of factors, such as:
Blockage of the sinus openings due to nasal polyps, tumors, or a deviated nasal septum.
Infection of the sinuses by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Allergic reactions to dust, pollen, mold, or other substances that trigger inflammation of the nasal lining.
Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV, cystic fibrosis, or diabetes.
Exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke, pollution, or chemicals.
The symptoms of chronic sinusitis may vary from person to person, but they usually include:
Nasal congestion or obstruction, making it hard to breathe through the nose.
Thick, discolored, or foul-smelling nasal discharge, which may drip down the back of the throat (postnasal drip).
Facial pain, pressure, or tenderness, especially around the eyes, cheeks, nose, or forehead.
Reduced sense of smell or taste, or a metallic taste in the mouth.
Headache, earache, toothache, or sore throat.
Cough, which may be worse at night or in the morning.
Fatigue, irritability, or depression.
A doctor will examine the patient's medical history, symptoms, and possible triggers to diagnose chronic sinusitis. As part of the examination, the doctor will use a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera known as a nasal endoscope to examine the nose and sinuses. Endoscopes allow doctors to examine the nose and sinuses for signs of infection, inflammation, or blockage inside them.
The doctor may also order some tests, such as:
Imaging tests, such as a CT scan or an MRI, to get a detailed picture of the sinuses and the surrounding structures.
Nasal or sinus cultures, which involve taking a sample of the nasal or sinus fluid and testing it for bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Allergy tests, which involve exposing the skin or blood to different allergens and measuring the reaction.
Treatment for chronic sinusitis depends on its cause, severity, and frequency of symptoms. The main goals of treatment are to reduce inflammation, clear the infection, and restore sinus function. Treatment options include:
Some medications can help reduce swelling, fight infection, relieve allergies, or ease discomfort, such as nasal corticosteroids, antibiotics, antihistamines, and decongestants.
By rinsing the nose and sinuses with a saltwater solution, mucus, bacteria, allergens, and irritants can be flushed out.
In the event that medications and irrigation do not help, or if there are structural problems with the nose or sinuses, such as polyps, tumors, or a deviated septum, surgery may be considered.
To prevent chronic sinusitis, it is important to take care of the nose and sinuses, and avoid or treat the factors that can trigger or worsen the condition. Some of the preventive measures are:
Avoiding or quitting smoking, and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke or other pollutants.
Managing allergies, by avoiding the allergens, taking allergy medications, or getting immunotherapy (allergy shots).
Avoiding or treating upper respiratory infections, such as colds or flu, by washing the hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, or getting vaccinated.
Using a humidifier or a vaporizer, especially in dry or cold weather, to add moisture to the air and prevent the nasal passages from drying out.
Drinking plenty of fluids, to keep the body hydrated and thin the mucus.
Applying a warm compress to the face, to relieve the pain and pressure.
Getting enough rest and sleep, to help the body heal and recover.
When chronic sinusitis occurs, it can be challenging and frustrating, but it can be managed and controlled with proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Discuss chronic sinusitis with your doctor or an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist if you have any questions or concerns. They can help you find the best treatment and improve your quality of life.
