Chronic bronchitis is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that causes inflammation and mucus production in the airways of the lungs. In addition to affecting quality of life, chronic bronchitis can also increase the risk of respiratory infections, heart problems, and lung cancer if the cough is persistent for at least three months in two consecutive years.
Chronic bronchitis is primarily caused by smoking tobacco, which damages the cilia (tiny hair-like structures) in the lungs that remove mucus.
Exposure to air pollution, dust, fumes, or chemicals
Genetic factors that make the lungs more susceptible to inflammation
Age, as the lung function declines with aging
History of asthma or allergies
The most common symptom of chronic bronchitis is a cough that produces yellow, green, or white mucus. Other symptoms may include:
Shortness of breath or wheezing
Chest tightness or pain
Fatigue or weakness
Fever or chills
Headache or sinus congestion
Loss of appetite or weight loss
Symptoms of chronic bronchitis vary in severity and frequency depending on the triggers and complications, and may worsen during cold or flu seasons or when exposed to irritants such as smoke or pollution.
The doctor will ask about the patient's medical history, symptoms, smoking habits, and exposure to environmental factors to diagnose chronic bronchitis. In addition to listening to the lungs with a stethoscope and checking for signs of infection or inflammation, the doctor may order some tests to confirm the diagnosis and assess lung function, such as:
Chest X-ray or CT scan, to check for lung damage or other conditions
Sputum culture, to identify the bacteria or virus that may cause the infection
Pulmonary function tests, to measure the airflow and volume of the lungs
Blood tests, to check for the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
Arterial blood gas test, to measure the acidity and gas exchange in the blood
The treatment of chronic bronchitis aims to relieve the symptoms, prevent complications, and improve the lung function. The treatment may include:
Medications, such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics, or mucolytics, to open the airways, reduce inflammation, fight infection, or thin the mucus
Oxygen therapy, to provide supplemental oxygen to the lungs
Pulmonary rehabilitation, to improve the breathing and exercise capacity
Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, avoiding triggers, staying hydrated, eating a balanced diet, and getting enough rest
Vaccinations, such as flu shot or pneumococcal vaccine, to prevent respiratory infections
The best way to prevent chronic bronchitis is to avoid smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Other preventive measures include:
Wearing a mask or respirator when exposed to air pollution, dust, fumes, or chemicals
Washing the hands frequently and practicing good hygiene
Seeking medical attention for any respiratory symptoms or infections
Following the doctor’s advice and taking the medications as prescribed
Monitoring the lung function and symptoms regularly
A chronic bronchitis can have a serious impact on quality of life and may increase the risk of complications. However, with proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, it is possible to manage the condition and live an active and healthy life.
