The bones, discs, and joints of the neck are affected by cervical spondylosis, also known as cervical osteoarthritis or neck arthritis. It occurs when the cartilage and bones of the cervical spine wear down as a result of age, injury, or overuse. A cervical spondylosis can result in neck pain, stiffness, and limited movement. Nerves and spinal cord can also be affected, causing numbness, tingling, weakness, or difficulty with coordination.
As people age, their cervical discs lose water and become less flexible, resulting in cervical spondylosis. As a result, they are more likely to degenerate and herniate. The bones of the spine can also develop spurs or growths known as osteophytes, which can narrow the space for nerves and the spinal cord. Other factors that can contribute to cervical spondylosis include:
Genetics
Previous neck injury or trauma
Poor posture or ergonomics
Repetitive or strenuous neck movements
Smoking
Obesity
Lack of exercise
The symptoms of cervical spondylosis vary depending on the severity and location of the condition. Some people may not have any symptoms at all, while others may experience:
Neck pain that may radiate to the shoulders, arms, or head
Neck stiffness that may limit the ability to turn or tilt the head
Headaches, especially at the back of the head
Muscle spasms or tightness in the neck or upper back
Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms, hands, fingers, legs, or feet
Difficulty with walking, balance, or coordination
Loss of bladder or bowel control (in rare cases)
A doctor will examine the patient's medical history and symptoms to diagnose cervical spondylosis. During the physical exam, the doctor will evaluate the range of motion, strength, reflexes, and sensation of the neck and limbs. Imaging tests may also be ordered by the doctor.
X-rays, to show the alignment, shape, and degeneration of the bones of the neck
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to show the soft tissues, discs, nerves, and spinal cord of the neck
Computed tomography (CT) scan, to show the cross-sectional images of the bones and soft tissues of the neck
Electromyography (EMG) or nerve conduction studies (NCS), to measure the electrical activity and function of the nerves and muscles of the neck and limbs
The treatment of cervical spondylosis depends on the severity and type of symptoms. The main goals of treatment are to relieve pain, improve function, and prevent further damage. The treatment options may include:
Medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, muscle relaxants, or corticosteroids, to reduce inflammation and pain
Physical therapy, such as exercises, stretches, massage, heat, ice, or electrical stimulation, to improve the flexibility, strength, and posture of the neck and upper back
Neck braces or collars, to provide support and limit the movement of the neck
Injections, such as epidural steroid injections or nerve block injections, to deliver medication directly to the affected area and reduce pain and inflammation
Surgery, such as anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), posterior cervical laminectomy and fusion (PLF), or artificial disc replacement (ADR), to remove the damaged disc or bone and stabilize the spine
Although cervical spondylosis is not entirely preventable, there are some steps that can help slow down its progression and reduce its impact. These include:
Maintaining a healthy weight and lifestyle
Quitting smoking
Avoiding or limiting activities that put stress on the neck
Practicing good posture and ergonomics
Using a pillow that supports the natural curve of the neck
Doing regular exercises and stretches to keep the neck and upper back muscles strong and flexible
Seeking medical attention if experiencing any symptoms of cervical spondylosis
It affects the neck and is commonly asymptomatic. When experiencing any signs or symptoms of cervical spondylosis, it is important to consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment. However, it can also cause pain, stiffness, and neurological problems. As long as cervical spondylosis is properly treated and managed, its complications can be prevented or minimized.
