Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition that causes a burning, tingling, or scalding sensation in the mouth. The pain can be mild or severe, and it can come and go or persist for a long time. It can affect the tongue, lips, gums, roof of the mouth, throat, or entire mouth. It can affect quality of life by causing discomfort, dry mouth, altered taste, and psychological distress.
The exact cause of BMS is not known, but it may be related to problems with the nerves that sense pain and taste in the mouth. Some factors that may trigger or worsen BMS include:
Hormonal changes, especially during menopause.
Dry mouth, which can be caused by medications, health conditions, or cancer treatments.
Nutritional deficiencies, such as low levels of iron, zinc, vitamin B12, or folic acid.
Oral infections, such as fungal or bacterial infections.
Oral conditions, such as geographic tongue, denture irritation, or oral lichen planus.
Allergic reactions, such as to food, dental materials, or oral hygiene products.
Acid reflux, which can damage the lining of the mouth and throat.
Medications, such as those for high blood pressure, diabetes, or depression.
Stress, anxiety, or depression, which can affect the perception of pain and taste.
The main symptom of BMS is a burning sensation in the mouth that can vary in intensity, duration, and location. Other symptoms may include:
Dry mouth or increased thirst.
Loss of taste or changes in taste, such as a bitter or metallic taste.
Numbness, tingling, or stinging in the mouth.
Difficulty eating, speaking, or sleeping.
To diagnose BMS, a doctor or dentist will ask about the symptoms, medical history, and medications. They will also examine the mouth and perform some tests, such as:
Swabbing the mouth to check for infections.
Taking blood samples to check for nutritional deficiencies, diabetes, or thyroid problems.
Performing a saliva test to measure the amount and quality of saliva.
Performing a biopsy to rule out oral cancer or other conditions.
There is no specific cure for BMS, but treatment can help reduce the symptoms and improve the quality of life. Treatment options may include:
Medications, such as painkillers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, or saliva substitutes.
Supplements, such as iron, zinc, vitamin B12, or folic acid, if there is a deficiency.
Mouth rinses, gels, or sprays, to moisturize and soothe the mouth.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, hypnosis, or biofeedback, to cope with stress and anxiety.
Acupuncture, yoga, meditation, or relaxation techniques, to relieve pain and tension.
Dietary changes, such as avoiding spicy, acidic, or hot foods and drinks, alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine.
Some tips to prevent or reduce the risk of BMS are:
Maintaining good oral hygiene, such as brushing, flossing, and using a fluoride toothpaste.
Visiting the dentist regularly, and following their advice on dentures, braces, or implants.
Drinking plenty of water, and chewing sugar-free gum or candy, to keep the mouth moist.
Eating a balanced diet, and taking supplements if needed, to ensure adequate nutrition.
Avoiding triggers, such as foods, drinks, or products that cause irritation or allergic reactions.
Managing chronic conditions, such as diabetes, thyroid problems, or acid reflux, with proper medication and lifestyle changes.
Reducing stress, and seeking professional help if needed, to improve mental health and well-being.
