Approximately 550,000 people are affected by bladder cancer each year, which is one of the most common types of cancer in the world. Bladder cancer begins in the bladder cells, which store urine. It is important to follow-up regularly with bladder cancer because it can recur.
The exact cause of bladder cancer is not known, but some factors that may increase the risk of developing it are:
There is no doubt that smoking is one of the most important risk factors for bladder cancer, as it exposes the bladder to harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke. Smokers are about three times more likely to get bladder cancer than non-smokers.
Industrial chemicals, such as those used in the manufacture of rubber, leather, textiles, and paints, can increase the risk of bladder cancer. People working with these chemicals should wear protective equipment and follow safety guidelines.
Age: Bladder cancer is more common in older people, as the risk increases with age. Most people who are diagnosed with bladder cancer are over 55 years old.
The risk of bladder cancer increases with age, so most peoplesed to certain chemicals. Men are about four times more likely to get bladder cancer than women.
Bladder cancer occurs more frequently in men than in women, as men are more likely to smoke and to be exposed to certain chemicals. Men are about four times more likely to developenvironmental factors, or access to health care.
Having a close relative with bladder cancer can increase the chances of developing it, especially if they were diagnosed at a young age or had a rare type.
Infections of the bladder, such as cystitis or urinary tract infections, can cause bladder cancer, particularly if they are caused by certain bacteria or parasites.
Stones in the bladder, which are hard deposits of minerals that form in the bladder, may increase the risk of bladder cancer, since they irritate and inflame the bladder lining.
Previous bladder cancer: Having had bladder cancer in the past increases the risk of getting it again, as some cancer cells may remain in the bladder or nearby organs after treatment.
A urine test is the only way to detect blood in the urine, which may appear as red, pink, or brown. Other symptoms of bladder cancer include:
Frequent or urgent urination
Pain or burning sensation during urination
Feeling the need to urinate even when the bladder is empty
Lower back or pelvic pain
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
Swelling in the legs or feet
Infections, stones, or benign tumors can also cause these symptoms. However, if you are experiencing any of these symptoms, especially blood in the urine, you should consult your doctor right away.
To diagnose bladder cancer, your doctor will ask you about your medical history, symptoms, and risk factors. Your doctor will also perform a physical exam, and may order some tests, such as:
In urine tests, blood, bacteria, or cancer cells can be detected as well as markers that indicate bladder cancer, such as proteins or genes.
During cystoscopy, a thin, flexible tube with light and a camera (known as a cystoscope) examines the inner workings of the bladder. In addition to removing tissue samples (called biopsies) for further analysis, the cystoscope can also be inserted through the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body.
These tests can create images of the bladder, as well as nearby organs, such as the kidneys, ureters, and lymph nodes. A tumor's size, location, and extent can be determined by them, as well as whether it has spread. Imaging tests may include ultrasound, X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET).
Bladder cancer treatment depends on several factors, including the type, stage, grade, and location of the tumor, the patient's age, health, and preferences, and the availability of resources.
Incision in the abdomen (radical cystectomy) or transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) involves removing the tumor as well as some surrounding tissue. Based on the extent of the cancer, surgery may also involve removal of nearby lymph nodes or other organs, including the prostate, uterus, or ovaries. Other treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may be combined with surgery.
During chemotherapy, drugs are used to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells, whether given before or after surgery, or for advanced or metastatic bladder cancer as the main treatment. A chemotherapy treatment may be administered intravenously (in a vein), orally (by mouth), or intravesically (by catheter directly into the bladder). Side effects of chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and infection.
During radiation therapy, high-energy rays or particles are used to damage or destroy cancer cells. It is usually used as a primary treatment for bladder cancer that cannot be removed by surgery, or before or after surgery. It is possible to receive radiation therapy externally (using a machine outside the body) or internally (using a radioactive source within the body). Radiation therapy can cause skin irritation, bladder irritation, diarrhea, or sexual problems, among others.
In immunotherapy, the body's natural defense system (the immune system) is stimulated or enhanced to fight cancer using substances. An immunotherapy treatment can be administered intravenously (directly into the bladder) or systemically (all over the body). As part of immunotherapy for bladder cancer, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), interferon, and checkpoint inhibitors may be used. Side effects include fever, chills, rash, and inflammation.
Drugs that target specific molecules or pathways involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells are used in targeted therapy. As a result of a genetic mutation or biomarker, targeted therapy may be used in bladder cancer, including FGFR3, HER2, or PD-L1. It may cause skin problems, mouth sores, or high blood pressure as side effects.
There is no sure way to prevent bladder cancer, but some steps that may lower the risk are:
Quitting smoking or avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke
Avoiding or limiting exposure to certain chemicals, especially in the workplace
Drinking plenty of fluids, especially water, to flush out the bladder
Eating a balanced diet, rich in fruits and vegetables, and low in fat and processed meat
Maintaining a healthy weight and being physically active
Seeking medical attention for any urinary symptoms, such as blood in the urine, pain, or frequency
Following the recommended screening and surveillance guidelines for bladder cancer, especially if you have a history of bladder cancer or other risk factors
When detected early, bladder cancer can be treated and cured. If you have any questions or concerns about bladder cancer, please speak with your doctor.
