The bicuspid aortic valve is a congenital heart condition that affects the valve which controls the flow of blood from the heart to the body's main artery, the aorta. An aortic valve normally has three flaps that open and close with every heartbeat. A bicuspid valve has only two flaps, which can affect the function of the valve and the aorta as a whole.
There is no known cause for bicuspid aortic valve, but it is present at birth. Infections or medications during pregnancy may also affect it, as it tends to run in families. Bicuspid aortic valve is one of the most common congenital heart valve defects, affecting about 1-2% of the population. It is more common in males than females.
Many people with bicuspid aortic valve do not have any symptoms and may not even know they have the condition. However, some people may develop complications over time, such as:
Aortic stenosis: This is when the valve becomes narrow and stiff, making it harder for the heart to pump blood to the body. This can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, or fainting.
Aortic regurgitation: This is when the valve does not close properly, allowing some blood to leak back into the heart. This can cause the heart to enlarge and weaken, leading to heart failure, irregular heartbeats, or infections.
Aortopathy: This is when the aorta becomes enlarged or dilated, increasing the risk of tears or ruptures. This can cause severe chest or back pain, shock, or death.
The symptoms of bicuspid aortic valve may vary depending on the severity of the valve problem and the size of the aorta. They may also change over time, as the condition progresses or worsens.
Bicuspid aortic valve may be detected during a routine physical exam, when the doctor hears a heart murmur or an abnormal sound in the chest. To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor may order some tests, such as:
Echocardiogram: This is an ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart and its valves. It can show the shape, size, and function of the bicuspid valve and the aorta.
CT scan: This is an imaging test that uses X-rays to create detailed pictures of the heart and the aorta. It can measure the diameter and thickness of the aorta and detect any signs of damage or rupture.
MRI: This is an imaging test that uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the heart and the aorta. It can provide more information about the structure and function of the bicuspid valve and the aorta.
Bicuspid aortic valve treatment depends on the severity of the valve problem and the aorta problem. Treatment options include:
Heart failure or angina can be relieved with medications that can lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, prevent infections, or control heart rate and rhythm.
There are many types of surgery that can be performed to repair or replace the bicuspid valve or aorta. These include valve repair, valve replacement, aortic root replacement, and aortic aneurysm repair. Depending on the condition of the aorta and valve, as well as the patient's age and health, a patient may need surgery.
It involves inserting a catheter through a small incision in the groin or chest, guiding it to the heart, and replacing the bicuspid valve with a new one. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR): This procedure involves replacing a bicuspid valve without removing the old one. A new valve is then placed inside the old one and expanded to fit. Patients who are unsuitable for surgery or are at high risk of complications may benefit from this procedure.
There is no way to prevent bicuspid aortic valve, as it is a congenital condition. However, there are some steps that can help prevent or delay the complications of bicuspid aortic valve, such as:
It is important for people with bicuspid aortic valve to have regular check-ups with their doctor and undergo periodic tests to monitor their valve and aorta function. They should also report any new or worsening symptoms to their doctor as soon as possible.
People with bicuspid aortic valve should adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, managing stress, and maintaining a normal weight. Heart health can be improved by adopting these habits, which can reduce blood pressure, cholesterol, and inflammation.
Patients with bicuspid aortic valves must take their prescribed medications according to their doctor's instructions. In addition, patients should inform their doctor about any other medications, supplements, or herbal remedies they are taking, as some may interact with their heart medications or cause blood clotting problems.
People with bicuspid aortic valves may be more likely to develop endocarditis, a serious infection of the heart lining. In order to avoid this, certain dental or medical procedures that can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream may require antibiotics. They should also practice good oral hygiene and avoid piercings or tattoos that may cause skin infections.
The bicuspid aortic valve is a congenital heart defect that affects both the aorta and the aortic valve. Aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or aortopathy are among the complications of bicuspid aortic valve. Depending on the severity of the problem and the aorta, medication, surgery, and TAVR may be used to treat it. By following a healthy lifestyle, taking their medications, and preventing endocarditis, people with bicuspid aortic valve can improve their symptoms, prevent complications, and live a long and fulfilling life.
