B cell lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects white blood cells called B lymphocytes, or B cells. Infections and diseases are dealt with by B cells, which form tumors in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, or other organs when some B cells grow out of control.
The exact cause of B cell lymphoma is not known, but some factors may increase the risk of developing it. These include:
Age: B cell lymphoma is more common in older adults, especially over 60 years old.
B cell lymphomas may be triggered or contributed to by viral or bacterial infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
B cell lymphoma is associated with conditions that weaken the immune system, such as autoimmune diseases, organ transplants, or immunosuppressive drugs.
Some substances or sources of radiation, such as pesticides, herbicides, solvents, or nuclear accidents, can damage the DNA of B cells, causing them to become cancerous.
Family history: Having a close relative with B cell lymphoma may increase the risk of developing it.
The symptoms of B cell lymphoma may vary depending on the type, stage, and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, groin, or abdomen
Fever, night sweats, or weight loss
Fatigue, weakness, or anemia
Chest pain, cough, or shortness of breath
Abdominal pain, bloating, or nausea
Skin rash, itching, or redness
Headache, vision problems, or seizures
To diagnose B cell lymphoma, the doctor may perform a physical exam, ask about the medical history and symptoms, and order some tests. These may include:
Blood tests: To check the levels of blood cells, antibodies, and other substances in the blood.
Biopsy: To remove a sample of tissue from the affected area and examine it under a microscope for signs of cancer.
Imaging tests: To take pictures of the inside of the body using X-rays, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET).
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: To remove a sample of bone marrow from the hip or chest bone and examine it for signs of cancer.
Lumbar puncture: To collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the lower back and test it for signs of cancer.
The treatment of B cell lymphoma depends on the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the age, health, and preferences of the patient. The main types of treatment are:
Chemotherapy: To use drugs that kill or stop the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be given by mouth, injection, or infusion.
Immunotherapy: To use drugs that stimulate or enhance the immune system to fight cancer cells. Immunotherapy may be given by injection or infusion.
Targeted therapy: To use drugs that target specific molecules or genes that are involved in the growth or survival of cancer cells. Targeted therapy may be given by mouth, injection, or infusion.
Radiation therapy: To use high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumors. Radiation therapy may be given externally or internally.
Stem cell transplant: To replace the damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells from the patient or a donor. Stem cell transplant may be done after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Surgery: To remove the tumor or the affected organ, such as the spleen. Surgery may be done alone or in combination with other treatments.
There is no sure way to prevent B cell lymphoma, but some steps may help reduce the risk of developing it. These include:
Avoiding or limiting exposure to chemicals or radiation that may cause cancer
Protecting oneself from infections that may trigger or contribute to B cell lymphoma, such as practicing safe sex, getting vaccinated, and taking antibiotics when needed
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking and alcohol
Getting regular check-ups and screenings, especially if there is a family history or other risk factors for B cell lymphoma
