There are millions of children affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the disorder often persists into adulthood. As a result, daily functioning and development are hampered by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Although the exact causes of ADHD are unknown, research suggests that genetics play an important role. Brain injury, exposure to environmental toxins, alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy, premature birth, and low birth weight may also contribute to ADHD.
ADHD symptoms vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder. There are three main types of ADHD:
Predominantly inattentive type: The person has difficulty paying attention to details, following instructions, organizing tasks, and staying focused. They may also be easily distracted, forgetful, and lose things frequently.
Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type: The person is restless, fidgety, talkative, and impulsive. They may have trouble sitting still, waiting their turn, and controlling their impulses. They may also act without thinking and interrupt others.
Combined type: The person has symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.
Some common signs and symptoms of ADHD in children and adults are:
Daydreaming a lot
Making careless mistakes or taking unnecessary risks
Having trouble resisting temptation
Having difficulty getting along with others
Having low self-esteem or feeling frustrated
Having trouble completing tasks or meeting deadlines
Having trouble managing time or money
There is no single test to diagnose ADHD. A diagnosis is based on a comprehensive evaluation that involves medical, psychological, and behavioral assessments. The evaluation may include:
A medical history and physical examination to rule out any medical conditions that may cause or mimic ADHD symptoms
A psychological evaluation to assess the person’s cognitive, emotional, and social functioning
A behavioral observation to monitor the person’s behavior in different settings and situations
A standardized rating scale or checklist to gather information from the person, their family, teachers, and others who know them well
To be diagnosed with ADHD, the person must meet the criteria specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which include:
Having at least six symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity for at least six months
Having symptoms that started before age 12
Having symptoms that are present in two or more settings (such as home, school, or work)
Having symptoms that cause significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning
Having symptoms that are not better explained by another mental disorder or medical condition
There is no cure for ADHD, but treatment can help reduce the symptoms and improve the person’s quality of life. Treatment usually involves a combination of medication and behavioral interventions, such as:
Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, that help increase attention and reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity
Non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine and guanfacine, that also help improve attention and behavior
Behavior therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and parent training, that help the person learn coping skills, problem-solving strategies, and positive reinforcement techniques
School support, such as individualized education plans (IEPs) and classroom accommodations, that help the person achieve their academic potential and reduce disruptive behavior
Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, healthy diet, adequate sleep, and stress management, that help the person maintain their physical and mental well-being
There is no known way to prevent ADHD, but some steps that may help reduce the risk or severity of the disorder include:
Avoiding alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy and breastfeeding
Limiting exposure to environmental toxins, such as lead and pesticides
Providing a safe and stimulating environment for the child’s development
Seeking early intervention and treatment for any signs of developmental delay or behavioral problems
Encouraging the child’s strengths and interests and providing positive feedback and support
If you or someone you know has symptoms of ADHD, talk to your doctor or a mental health professional about treatment options.
