In aphantasia, a person cannot form mental images in their mind. As a result, they cannot visualize objects, faces, scenes, memories, or fantasies. Different aspects of cognition can be affected, including memory, imagination, creativity, and spatial reasoning.
In some cases, aphantasia is inherited, while in others, it develops later in life after brain injury, trauma, or psychological factors. In addition to aphantasia, other conditions such as autism, dyslexia, prosopagnosia (face blindness), and alexithymia (inability to identify and express emotions) may be associated with it.
The main symptom of aphantasia is the inability to form mental images. However, this does not mean that people with aphantasia lack imagination or creativity. In addition to difficulty with other mental processes, some people with aphantasia may have trouble using words, concepts, symbols, and other forms of representation.
Recalling visual details of past events or experiences
Recognizing faces or places
Dreaming in images
Planning or navigating in space
Enjoying visual art or literature
Empathizing with others’ emotions
One way to assess one’s ability to form mental images is by using the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). It is a self-report measure that asks how vividly a person can envision different scenarios on a scale from 1 (no image at all) to 5 (as clear as real seeing). Low scores on the VVIQ may indicate aphantasia.
You can also test for aphantasia using the binocular rivalry test. In a stereoscope, you look at two images, one for each eye. The brain normally alternates between perceiving the two images, which creates a flickering effect. In contrast, some people with aphantasia report seeing only one image at a time or a blended image of both, suggesting that their visual imagery is weak or absent.
There is no specific treatment or cure for aphantasia. However, some people with aphantasia may benefit from:
Seeking support from others who have aphantasia, such as online communities or groups
Exploring alternative ways of expressing themselves, such as writing, drawing, or music
Practicing mindfulness or meditation to enhance their awareness of the present moment
Learning strategies to improve their memory, such as mnemonics, associations, or verbal cues
Seeking professional help if they experience distress, anxiety, or depression related to their condition
There is no known way to prevent aphantasia, as it may be a congenital or acquired condition. However, some possible ways to protect or enhance one’s visual imagery are:
Engaging in regular mental exercises, such as puzzles, games, or hobbies that require visualization
Reading books or watching movies that stimulate one’s imagination
Practicing visualization techniques, such as guided imagery, hypnosis, or biofeedback
Seeking treatment for any underlying conditions or injuries that may affect one’s brain function
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, such as eating well, sleeping enough, and avoiding stress
The condition of aphantasia challenges our understanding of how the brain functions, making it rare and fascinating. While it may pose some difficulties for those who have it, it does not imply that they are less intelligent, creative, or happy than others. Aphantasia is just one of many ways humans experience the world differently.
