Here's an overview of ADHD, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
A combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors may contribute to ADHD. Possible causes and risk factors include:
Certain genetic variations may increase the risk of ADHD development. ADHD tends to run in families.
Differences in brain structure, neurotransmitter levels (such as dopamine and norepinephrine), and neural pathways may contribute to ADHD.
The risk of ADHD may be increased by factors such as prenatal exposure to toxins (e.g., alcohol, tobacco), maternal smoking during pregnancy, low birth weight, premature birth, and early childhood exposure to lead.
Factors such as family dysfunction, parenting styles, socioeconomic status, and academic difficulties may contribute to the manifestation or exacerbation of ADHD symptoms.
ADHD symptoms include:
Having difficulties paying attention, easily distracted, making careless mistakes, forgetfulness, difficulty organizing tasks, and avoiding or procrastinating on tasks that require sustained mental effort are all signs of inattention.
Symptoms of hyperactivity include restlessness, excessive fidgeting, difficulty sitting still, constant movement or squirming, excessive talking, and difficulty engaging in quiet activities.
Intuitive behavior, difficulty waiting for a turn, blurting out answers, interrupting others, acting without considering consequences, and inability to control impulses.
In order to diagnose ADHD, a healthcare professional must conduct a comprehensive evaluation, usually a pediatrician, psychiatrist, psychologist, or neurologist. Diagnostic assessments may include:
Symptom assessment, medical history, developmental milestones, and psychosocial factors are assessed in a clinical interview.
An assessment of ADHD symptoms and impairment in daily functioning is conducted by observing the individual's behavior in various settings (e.g., home, school).
Parents, teachers, or other caregivers use rating scales to assess ADHD symptoms and their impact on behavior and functioning.
Tests of cognitive function, attention, executive function, and other relevant domains may be conducted through neuropsychological testing.
Symptoms of ADHD can be alleviated, functioning improved, and quality of life improved through treatment. Options include:
ADHD symptoms can be managed with stimulant medications (such as methylphenidate or amphetamine-based medications) and non-stimulant medications (such as atomoxetine or guanfacine).
The use of behavioral therapy techniques, such as parent training, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), social skills training, and classroom interventions, can help teach coping strategies, organizational skills, and behavior management skills.
In order to address academic difficulties associated with ADHD, individualized education plans (IEPs) or 504 plans may be implemented to provide academic accommodations and support services (such as extended time on tests, preferential seating, or tutoring).
Changing lifestyle habits such as exercising regularly, getting adequate sleep, eating a balanced diet, and managing stress may support overall well-being and reduce symptoms of ADHD.
ADHD has not been fully understood, so there are no specific preventative measures currently available to prevent it from developing. It is possible, however, to mitigate the effects of ADHD symptoms and improve outcomes for individuals with ADHD by early detection and intervention, supportive parenting, a nurturing environment, and access to educational resources and services.
