One or more limbs may become weak or paralyzed suddenly as a result of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a rare but serious neurological condition. We cover the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of AFM in this blog post.
Although the exact cause of AFM is not understood, it is believed to be primarily caused by viral infections. Enteroviruses, particularly enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), have been implicated as potential triggers. Additionally, genetics and autoimmune responses may play a role in the development of AFM, as well as West Nile virus and adenovirus cases.
AFM is characterized by the following symptoms:
Weakness or paralysis of one or more limbs, usually starting in the arms or legs.
Decreased muscle tone or "flaccid" paralysis, characterized by floppy or limp limbs.
Weakness or drooping of facial muscles, particularly on one side.
Having difficulty swallowing or speaking: Some individuals with AFM may have difficulty swallowing or speaking due to weakness in the muscles involved.
AFM can lead to respiratory failure and the need for mechanical ventilation in severe cases.
Clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies are used to diagnose AFM. Healthcare providers may perform the following diagnostic assessments:
An examination of the nervous system to assess muscle strength, reflexes, and coordination.
AFM can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spinal cord.
Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may show signs of inflammation and rule out other causes of neurological symptoms.
Blood, throat swabs, or stool samples may be tested for viruses such as enteroviruses or West Nile virus.
The primary goal of treatment for AFM is to manage symptoms and complications. There is currently no specific antiviral medication or cure for AFM. Treatment options may include:
Rehabilitation of muscles, mobility, and function in affected limbs through physical therapy.
The aim of occupational therapy is to help individuals develop strategies for performing daily activities and adapting to changes in their physical abilities.
In severe cases of respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to maintain breathing.
To alleviate pain or discomfort associated with AFM, over-the-counter or prescription medications may be used.
AFM is preventable by reducing the risk of viral infections and practicing good hygiene. Some preventive measures include:
When using the toilet or touching surfaces in public places, wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
Stay away from sick individuals: Avoid close contact with sick individuals, especially if they have respiratory symptoms.
When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow to prevent respiratory droplets from spreading.
The importance of staying up-to-date on vaccinations, especially for viruses such as poliovirus and influenza, which can cause neurological complications.
