Medically reviewed by Harsha Moole, MD, Internal Medicine. Last reviewed: October 2, 2026.
What kind of doctor provides Anorectal Surgery?
A gastroenterologist often diagnoses problems in the anus and rectum. A gastroenterologist is a doctor who specializes in the digestive system. Many anorectal surgeries are performed by a colorectal surgeon, a doctor with special training in operating on the colon, rectum, and anus. Your primary care doctor can help you decide which specialist you need.
What it is
Anorectal surgery is surgery on the anus or the rectum. The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract, and the rectum is the last few inches of the large intestine. These operations fix problems such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and fistulas. Some procedures are minor and done in a clinic; others happen in a hospital operating room.
Why a doctor might recommend it
Doctors usually try simpler treatments first, such as creams, stool softeners, or diet changes. Surgery may be suggested when those treatments fail, the problem keeps returning, or it causes significant pain or bleeding. Some conditions, like a fistula, often need surgery to heal properly.
How to prepare
- Ask your doctor which medicines you should stop before surgery, especially blood thinners.
- Follow instructions about eating and drinking, since some procedures require an empty stomach.
- Some procedures require a bowel prep, which clears stool from your intestines.
- Arrange for someone to drive you home if you will receive anesthesia.
- Ask questions ahead of time so you know what to expect.
What happens during it
The details depend on the specific problem being treated. Many procedures use local anesthesia, which numbs only the treated area, or regional anesthesia, which numbs a larger part of the body; some use general anesthesia, which puts you to sleep. Most procedures take less than an hour.
Recovery
Recovery varies by person and procedure, and many people go home the same day. Pain near the surgical site is common for the first several days. Doctors often recommend stool softeners, fiber, sitz baths, and rest; some people return to normal activities within days, while others need weeks.
Risks and side effects
All surgery carries some risks, including bleeding, infection, prolonged pain, and temporary trouble controlling gas or stool. Serious problems are uncommon. Contact your care team if you have heavy bleeding, fever, or worsening pain.
Who performs it
Colorectal surgeons perform most anorectal operations, and some general surgeons do as well. A gastroenterologist may perform certain office-based procedures, such as placing bands on hemorrhoids. Your primary care doctor can usually refer you to the right specialist.
How a direct primary care or concierge doctor fits in
A direct primary care doctor charges a flat monthly fee instead of billing insurance, while a concierge doctor usually charges more and often works alongside insurance. Either can be a good first stop for anorectal problems, since longer appointments make it easier to discuss symptoms people find embarrassing. They can treat mild problems directly and refer you to a colorectal surgeon when surgery looks likely.
Common questions
Is anorectal surgery painful?
Some soreness is common after these procedures, and your care team can suggest ways to manage it. Pain levels vary by person and procedure, and most people improve steadily over days to weeks.
Will I need to stay in the hospital?
Many anorectal procedures are outpatient surgery, meaning you go home the same day. Larger operations on the rectum may need a hospital stay.
Can hemorrhoids come back after surgery?
Surgery removes the tissue causing trouble, but new hemorrhoids can still form later. Eating enough fiber and avoiding straining may lower that chance.
Sources
- MedlinePlus - Rectal prolapse repair: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
- MedlinePlus - Imperforate anus repair: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and reading it does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions about a medical condition, and never disregard or delay seeking professional advice because of something you read here. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately.
