In Vitro Fertilization: What It Is and What to Expect
Medically reviewed by Harsha Moole, MD, Internal Medicine. Last reviewed: October 2, 2026.
What kind of doctor provides In Vitro Fertilization?
A fertility doctor called a reproductive endocrinologist performs in vitro fertilization. This is a specialist who treats hormone problems and infertility. Infertility means trouble getting pregnant after a year of trying. The doctor works with a team that includes nurses, lab scientists, and sometimes a surgeon.
What it is
In vitro fertilization, often called IVF, is a series of steps that helps a person become pregnant. Eggs are taken from the ovaries and joined with sperm in a lab to form embryos. One or more embryos are then placed into the uterus, which is the womb where a baby grows.
Why a doctor might recommend it
Doctors suggest IVF when other fertility treatments have not worked. It can help with blocked fallopian tubes, low sperm counts, ovulation problems, endometriosis, or unexplained infertility. Some people use IVF with genetic testing of embryos or when using donor eggs or sperm.
How to prepare
Preparation usually starts with tests for both partners, such as blood tests, ultrasound exams, and a semen analysis. A doctor may suggest stopping smoking, reaching a healthy weight, and limiting alcohol. Ask about the full cost, because IVF is expensive and insurance coverage varies a lot.
What happens during it
IVF happens in stages over several weeks. First, hormone medicines given as injections for one to two weeks make the ovaries produce many eggs at once. Next comes egg retrieval, a short procedure where a thin needle removes eggs through the vagina while the person is given medicine to sleep or relax. The lab combines the eggs with sperm, and a few days later an embryo is placed into the uterus using a thin, soft tube. This step is usually painless and takes only minutes.
Recovery
Most people go home the same day as the egg retrieval. Mild cramping, bloating, and spotting are common for a day or two. A pregnancy blood test is done about one to two weeks after the embryo transfer, and some cycles do not lead to pregnancy.
Risks and side effects
The hormone medicines can cause mood swings, headaches, and bloating. Some people develop ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, where the ovaries swell and leak fluid; it is usually mild but can be serious. Egg retrieval carries small risks of bleeding, infection, or injury, and IVF raises the chance of twins or triplets.
Who performs it
A reproductive endocrinologist performs the procedure at a fertility clinic. Embryologists, scientists trained to handle eggs and embryos, do the lab work. Nurses coordinate medicines, monitoring visits, and support throughout the cycle.
How a direct primary care or concierge doctor fits in
A direct primary care doctor is paid a flat monthly fee instead of billing insurance, while a concierge doctor usually charges more and often works alongside insurance. Either type can order early fertility tests, review results, and treat some health problems that affect fertility. When IVF is needed, they will refer the patient to a reproductive endocrinologist.
Common questions
How long does one IVF cycle take?
A single cycle usually takes about four to six weeks from the first medicines to the pregnancy test.
Does IVF hurt?
The injections can be uncomfortable, and egg retrieval may cause cramping afterward. The embryo transfer itself is usually painless.
How much does IVF cost?
Costs vary widely by clinic and state, and many insurance plans cover only part of it or none at all. Ask the clinic for a full price estimate before starting.
Sources
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and reading it does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions about a medical condition, and never disregard or delay seeking professional advice because of something you read here. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately.
