Immunization: What It Is and What to Expect
Medically reviewed by Harsha Moole, MD, Internal Medicine. Last reviewed: October 2, 2026.
What kind of doctor provides Immunization?
Most immunizations, also called vaccines or shots, are given by a primary care doctor, a family doctor, or a pediatrician, who treats children. An allergist and immunologist is a specialist who steps in when someone has a problem with their immune system, such as a severe allergy or weakened ability to fight infections.
What it is
An immunization is a shot that teaches your immune system, your body's defense against germs, how to fight a disease. Vaccines contain a weakened or harmless piece of a germ, or instructions for making it. Your body then builds antibodies, proteins that recognize and attack that germ later.
Why a doctor might recommend it
Doctors recommend immunizations to protect you from serious diseases like measles, flu, and whooping cough before you are exposed. Vaccines also protect people around you, including babies who cannot be vaccinated.
How to prepare
- Bring a list of any medicines you take and any allergies you have.
- Bring your immunization record, a list of shots you have already had.
- Tell the doctor if you feel sick that day.
- Wear a shirt with sleeves that are easy to lift or roll up.
What happens during it
The doctor or nurse will review your health history and vaccine record, then clean the skin on your upper arm. The vaccine is given as a quick shot. You will usually stay about 15 minutes afterward.
Recovery
Most people can go right back to normal activities. The shot spot may feel sore for a day or two, and a cool, damp cloth can help. Move your arm gently if it feels stiff.
Risks and side effects
Side effects are usually mild, such as a sore arm, low fever, or tiredness, and go away within a few days. Serious allergic reactions are very rare. Call your doctor if you have trouble breathing, facial swelling, or a high fever after a shot.
Who performs it
Trained health workers give vaccines, often a doctor, a nurse, or a pharmacist. An allergist and immunologist may be involved if you had a serious reaction to a vaccine in the past or have an immune system condition.
How a direct primary care or concierge doctor fits in
A direct primary care doctor charges a flat monthly fee instead of billing insurance, while a concierge doctor usually charges more and often works alongside insurance. Either type can handle most routine immunizations, reviewing your vaccine history, giving shots, and answering questions. They would refer you to an allergist and immunologist for severe reactions or complex immune conditions.
Common questions
Can vaccines give you the disease they protect against?
No. Most vaccines use a weakened or harmless piece of a germ, so they cannot cause the full disease. Some, like the flu shot, may cause mild symptoms that are the body building defenses, not the illness itself.
Can my child get several vaccines at one visit?
Yes, doctors often give more than one vaccine at the same visit. This is safe and means fewer trips.
What if my child missed some vaccines?
Many missed vaccines can be caught up later in life. Doctors use a catch-up schedule, a plan for spacing out missed doses. Bring any records you have.
Which vaccines are safe during pregnancy?
Some vaccines are recommended during pregnancy and some are not. Doctors often suggest whooping cough and flu shots to protect both the parent and the baby. Always check with a doctor first.
Sources
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and reading it does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions about a medical condition, and never disregard or delay seeking professional advice because of something you read here. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately.
