The umbilical hernia is caused by an area of the abdominal wall near the belly button that is weak and allows a part of the intestine or other abdominal tissue to bulge out. In babies, umbilical hernias are the most common, but they can also affect adults. Sometimes an umbilical hernia does not cause any symptoms or problems, but it can be painful or cause complications.
After birth, an umbilical hernia occurs when the opening in the abdominal muscle that allows the umbilical cord to pass through does not close completely. This leaves a gap that can allow the intestine or other tissue to push through. Several factors can contribute to the development of an umbilical hernia, including:
Being born prematurely or with a low birth weight.
Being Black, as this condition is more common in Black babies for unknown reasons.
Having a family history of umbilical hernias.
Having too much pressure on the abdominal wall, such as from being overweight, pregnant, having fluid in the abdomen, coughing, or straining during bowel movements.
An umbilical hernia is characterized by a bulge or swelling near the belly button that becomes noticeable when the individual cries, laughs, or strains. Umbilical hernias may disappear when the patient relaxes or lies down. The majority of umbilical hernias do not cause any discomfort and are painless. However, some can cause:
Pain or tenderness in the abdomen, especially when the bulge is touched or pressed.
Nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite.
Fever or signs of infection, such as redness, warmth, or pus around the bulge.
Difficulty passing stool or gas, or having a bowel obstruction.
If these symptoms occur, the hernia may be trapped (incarcerated) or have lost its blood supply (strangulated), which are serious complications that need immediate medical attention.
Usually, a doctor can diagnose an umbilical hernia by feeling the bulge in the abdomen. To confirm the diagnosis and check for complications, the doctor may order imaging tests, such as an ultrasound, a CT scan, or an MRI. The doctor may also ask about the patient's medical history, symptoms, and risk factors.
The treatment for an umbilical hernia depends on the age of the person, the size of the hernia, and the presence of any symptoms or complications. In general, the treatment options are:
For babies and children, watchful waiting refers to monitoring the hernia and waiting for it to close on its own. Most umbilical hernias will heal by the time a child is four or five years old. As a precaution, the doctor may advise the parents to gently push the bulge back into the abdomen and apply a bandage or special belt to hold it in place. However, this is not proven to be effective and can cause irritation. It may also be recommended to avoid activities that can increase the pressure on the abdomen, such as lifting heavy objects, coughing, or constipation.
In surgery, the tissue is reinserted into the abdomen and the abdominal wall opening closed with stitches or mesh to repair the hernia. Because umbilical hernias are unlikely to heal on their own and may cause pain or complications, this is usually the best option for adults. If a child's hernia is large, does not close by the age of four or five, or causes symptoms or complications, surgery may be required. In general, surgery is performed under general anesthesia and may be performed as an open or laparoscopic (minimally invasive) procedure. Recovery time and complications vary from patient to patient.
In spite of the fact that an umbilical hernia is often caused by genetic or developmental factors, there are some steps that may help reduce its severity or risk:
Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding obesity.
Avoiding smoking, as it can weaken the abdominal wall and cause chronic coughing.
Treating any medical conditions that can cause fluid buildup in the abdomen, such as liver disease or heart failure.
Eating a high-fiber diet and drinking plenty of water to prevent constipation and straining.
Lifting objects with proper technique and using abdominal support if needed.
Seeking prenatal care and following the doctor’s advice during pregnancy.
A person's outlook for an umbilical hernia depends on their age, the size of the hernia, and the presence of any symptoms or complications. In general, an umbilical hernia has the following outlook:
Most umbilical hernias will close on their own without causing any problems. However, some may persist or recur and require surgery later in life.
Umbilical hernias are unlikely to close on their own and may cause pain and complications in adults. However, surgery can usually repair the hernia and prevent further problems. Success rates and recurrence risks are affected by the type of surgery and the individual's health condition.
