Retinopathy of Prematurity: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Medically reviewed by Harsha Moole, MD, Internal Medicine. Last reviewed: October 2, 2026.
What kind of doctor treats Retinopathy of Prematurity?
An ophthalmologist, a medical doctor specializing in eye care, treats ROP. Babies in the hospital are usually examined by an ophthalmologist with special training in children's eye problems. This doctor performs the exams and treatment, while the baby's regular doctor manages overall health and follow-up care.
What it is
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye problem that can affect babies born too early. The retina is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. In premature babies, the blood vessels feeding the retina may not finish growing normally and can grow abnormally, leading to scarring or even detachment of the retina.
Many babies with early signs of ROP get better on their own, but for some the abnormal vessels keep growing and need medical care to protect vision.
Symptoms
ROP usually has no visible signs, which is why babies at risk need scheduled eye exams. In serious cases, the eyes may not track objects or may cross or wander. A white pupil can signal advanced disease.
Causes and who gets it
ROP happens when the blood vessels in a premature baby's retina do not finish growing normally. It is mainly linked to being born early and having a low birth weight; babies born before about 30 weeks or weighing around 3 pounds or less are at highest risk.
How doctors diagnose it
Doctors diagnose ROP with a complete eye exam. Drops widen the baby's pupils, and an ophthalmologist uses a lighted tool to look at the retina. First exams usually happen a few weeks after birth, with follow-ups based on how the retina looks.
Treatment
Mild ROP often goes away on its own, so doctors may only watch it with regular exams. If abnormal vessels keep growing, treatment can include laser therapy, injections of medicine into the eye, or surgery for severe cases. Children need eye checkups through childhood.
When to see a doctor
Babies born early should be examined by an eye doctor before leaving the hospital or shortly after, based on risk level. Contact the baby's doctor if you notice the eyes crossing or wandering, trouble tracking objects, or a white pupil. Regular follow-up appointments are essential.
How a direct primary care or concierge doctor fits in
A direct primary care doctor charges a flat monthly fee instead of billing insurance, while a concierge doctor usually charges more and often works alongside insurance. Either kind can help families manage follow-up after ROP by tracking development, coordinating eye exams, and keeping records. They do not perform ROP exams or surgery and would refer the baby to a pediatric ophthalmologist.
Common questions
Will my baby go blind from ROP?
Most babies with ROP improve without treatment. Serious vision loss is uncommon when babies are monitored and treated when needed. Some children who had ROP still need glasses or other eye care later.
Does the eye exam hurt my baby?
The exam is brief and does not usually cause lasting pain. Babies may cry during it, which is normal.
Can ROP come back after treatment?
Treated ROP can sometimes return, which is why doctors schedule follow-up exams. Children who had ROP have a higher chance of eye problems later, so regular checkups through childhood help catch changes early.
Can ROP be prevented?
There is no sure way to prevent ROP, since being born early is the main cause. Careful oxygen management may lower the risk, and early detection through scheduled exams is the best way to protect vision.
Sources
- National Eye Institute - Retinopathy of Prematurity
- American Academy of Ophthalmology - What Is Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)?
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and reading it does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions about a medical condition, and never disregard or delay seeking professional advice because of something you read here. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately.
