Prune Belly Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Medically reviewed by Harsha Moole, MD, Internal Medicine. Last reviewed: October 2, 2026.
What kind of doctor treats Prune Belly Syndrome?
A pediatrician or other primary care doctor usually manages day-to-day care, along with specialists: a urologist for the urinary tract and a nephrologist for kidney disease. A direct primary care doctor charges a flat monthly fee instead of billing insurance, while a concierge doctor usually costs more and often works alongside insurance. Either would refer the child to specialists for urinary and kidney care.
What it is
Prune belly syndrome is a rare condition that babies are born with. It gets its name because the belly looks wrinkled, like a prune, since the belly wall muscles are missing or very weak. Most babies with it also have urinary tract problems. It affects boys far more often than girls.
Symptoms
The signs are often visible at birth: a wrinkled, loose belly; undescended testicles in boys; and urinary tract problems, including enlarged kidneys and stretched tubes. Some children have repeat urinary tract infections. Weak belly muscles make it hard to cough well, raising the chance of lung infections.
Causes and who gets it
Doctors do not know the exact cause. Some researchers think something blocks the flow of urine early in pregnancy, making the bladder swell and keeping the belly wall from forming the right way. About one in 30,000 to 40,000 babies is born with it, and around 95 percent are boys.
How doctors diagnose it
Doctors can sometimes spot the condition before birth on an ultrasound. After birth, tests often include blood work to check kidney function, an ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder, and a special X-ray called a voiding cystourethrogram.
Treatment
Treatment depends on how serious the problems are. Some children need only regular checkups and medicine to prevent infections. Others need surgery to fix the urinary tract, move the testicles into place, or tighten the belly wall. Most children can live full lives, though some have lasting kidney problems.
When to see a doctor
Most cases are found at birth or before. A child should see a doctor right away for fever, pain when urinating, vomiting, or poor feeding, which can be signs of a urinary infection. Swelling in the belly, trouble breathing, or fewer wet diapers also deserves a quick call.
Common questions
Can prune belly syndrome be cured?
There is no cure, but treatment can fix many of the physical problems. How well a child does depends on how severe the kidney and other organ problems are. Some children do very well, while others need long-term care.
Can it be found before a baby is born?
Yes. An ultrasound during pregnancy can show a swollen bladder and large kidneys that suggest the condition. More tests after birth confirm the diagnosis.
Will a child with prune belly syndrome look different as an adult?
The belly may look softer or rounder than usual because of the weak muscles. Surgery can improve the appearance in some cases. Every person is different.
Can adults have prune belly syndrome?
The condition is present from birth. However, very mild cases may not be found until later in life. Adults with it may have urinary problems or kidney issues that need ongoing care.
Sources
- NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center - Prune belly syndrome
- Urology Care Foundation - Prune Belly Syndrome
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and reading it does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions about a medical condition, and never disregard or delay seeking professional advice because of something you read here. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately.
